At the heart of the justification for the reasoning used in modern mathematics lies the completeness theorem for predicate calculus. This unique textbook covers two entirely different ways of looking at such reasoning. Topics include: the representation of mathematical statements by formulas in a formal language; the interpretation of formulas as true or false in a mathematical structure; logical consequence of one formula from others; formal proof; the soundness and completeness theorems connecting logical consequence and formal proof; the axiomatization of some mathematical theories using a formal language; the compactness theorem and an introduction to model theory. This book is designed for self-study by students, as well as for taught courses, using principles successfully developed by the Open University and used across the world. It includes exercises embedded within the text with full solutions to many of these. In addition there are a number of exercises without answers so that students studying under the guidance of a tutor may be assessed on the basis of what has been taught. Some experience of axiom-based mathematics is required but no previous experience of logic. Propositional and Predicate Calculus gives students the basis for further study of mathematical logic and the use of formal languages in other subjects. Derek Goldrei is Senior Lecturer and Staff Tutor at the Open University and part-time Lecturer in Mathematics at Mansfield College, Oxford, UK.
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如果让我用一个词来形容这本《命题与一阶演算》,我会选择“坚实”。它没有采用那些花哨的、试图让逻辑变得“酷”起来的叙述方式,而是回归了逻辑学的本质——严谨、精确和自洽。书中对‘可证性’与‘有效性’之间关系的探讨,尤其深刻,它不仅教会了我们如何构造有效的证明,更重要的是,它教会了我们如何质疑一个证明的根本有效性。对于那些渴望真正理解‘什么是逻辑’的深度学习者而言,这本书是绝佳的选择。它不会给你快速的答案,但它会给你一套系统的方法论,去面对任何形式的论证挑战。我个人认为,这本书更像是逻辑学的“武功秘籍”,需要勤加练习,方能体会其中奥妙,但一旦掌握,其威力无穷。
评分这本《命题与一阶演算》的封面设计着实引人注目,那种沉稳的深蓝配上精炼的白色字体,透露出一种不容置疑的学术严肃性。初次翻开,我就被其严谨的逻辑框架所吸引。作者似乎拥有一种魔力,能将原本枯燥乏味的符号逻辑,阐述得如同精妙的数学证明过程。例如,在介绍蕴涵的真值表时,它不仅仅罗列了条件,更深入剖析了其在日常推理中的哲学含义,比如“偶然的真”与“必然的真”之间的微妙界限。我尤其欣赏书中对推理规则的分类和梳理,清晰得像一张精心绘制的地图,即便是初学者,也能顺着指引,逐步构建起自己的逻辑推理体系。书中大量的实例,从简单的三段论到复杂的范畴推理,都经过了精挑细选,它们不仅是练习题,更像是一个个小小的逻辑谜题,激发我去主动思考,而不是被动接受。阅读过程感觉就像是接受了一次高质量的逻辑思维训练,极大地提升了我分析复杂论证结构的能力。
评分对于长期研究哲学的同仁而言,这本书提供了一个极其宝贵的工具箱。它巧妙地架设了传统哲学思辨与现代形式逻辑之间的桥梁。我惊喜地发现,书中对于“同一性”和“量词的解释”等核心概念的讨论,不仅符合逻辑学的标准定义,更与蒯因早期的形而上学观点有着惊人的契合度。作者在解释“存在性量词的辖域”时,所引用的例子,竟然能直接解决我之前在阅读某篇经典分析哲学文献时遇到的一个关于个体指称的难题。这说明本书的视野不仅仅局限于逻辑学本身,而是深刻理解了形式系统如何重塑我们的本体论和认识论。那些试图用精确的语言来厘清复杂哲学争论的学者,这本书的论证结构和术语定义是他们不可或缺的基石。
评分这本书的排版和字体选择,简直是一场视觉上的折磨。虽然内容本身是无可指摘的知识瑰宝,但阅读体验却大打折扣。特别是公式的对齐问题,在涉及多层嵌套的量词或复杂的连接词时,常常出现错位或过于拥挤的现象,使得我不得不反复比对,才能确认某个否定号究竟是作用于哪个子公式之上的。这对于一本高度依赖视觉精确性的教材来说,是致命的缺陷。纸张的质感也偏薄,油墨味稍重,长时间阅读后眼睛很容易感到疲劳。如果能对版式设计进行一次彻底的现代化改造,采用更清晰的层次结构和更宽松的行距,这本书的价值会被成倍放大。当前的阅读体验,仿佛是在翻阅一本上世纪八十年代的教科书,这与它内容的前沿性形成了强烈的反差。
评分说实话,我期待能在这本书里找到更贴近现代计算机科学应用的深度剖析。尽管它在基础理论的构建上无可挑剔,对古典逻辑的阐述也极为扎实,但在结合现代可计算性理论或形式验证方面的联系上,略显保守。我本希望能看到更多关于一阶逻辑在自动推理系统(Automated Theorem Proving)中的应用实例,或者至少是更深入地探讨如何将这些演算转化为实际可执行的算法。书中的某些章节,尤其是在处理非经典逻辑的边缘地带时,虽然提纲挈领,但缺乏足够的深度挖掘,像是蜻蜓点水,让人意犹未尽。对于一个希望将逻辑工具直接应用于软件工程或人工智能领域的读者来说,这本书的侧重点似乎更偏向于理论的纯粹性,而非其工程化的拓展,这多少削弱了它的实用价值。
评分4lrequire, extremely clear, generalization rule in first order predicate a bit loose, open door for second order predicate where quantifiers for both elements and sets are explored.
评分4lrequire, extremely clear, generalization rule in first order predicate a bit loose, open door for second order predicate where quantifiers for both elements and sets are explored.
评分4lrequire, extremely clear, generalization rule in first order predicate a bit loose, open door for second order predicate where quantifiers for both elements and sets are explored.
评分4lrequire, extremely clear, generalization rule in first order predicate a bit loose, open door for second order predicate where quantifiers for both elements and sets are explored.
评分4lrequire, extremely clear, generalization rule in first order predicate a bit loose, open door for second order predicate where quantifiers for both elements and sets are explored.
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