目錄
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1 INTRODUCTION 1
Book overview: Orientation towards the self 4
International and national population ageing 7
Chinese people and ageing in New Zealand 8
Policy responses to ageing and ethnic issues in New Zealand 13
2 THEORETICAL ORIENTATION: SYMBOLIC INTERACTIONISM AND THE SELF 17
Basic tenets of symbolic interactionism 18
The self and identities 23
The cobweb Chinese self 27
Self and acculturation 30
Social and ethnic identities 36
Tying strands into a richer understanding of the self 38
3 LITERATURE REVIEW: FILIAL PIETY AND AGEING IN PLACE 41
Filial Piety 43
Living arrangements 44
Support to parents 47
Respecting parents 50
Ancestral worship 52
Gender norms 54
Filial piety and the Chinese self 57
Ageing in place 60
Places as sociocultural markers of experience and attachment 60
Place as process reflecting embodiment and identity 63
Immigration: A home away from home 68
Emplaced ageing and Chinese immigrants 70
Putting ideas expressed in this chapter into action 73
4 METHODOLOGY 76
The narrative approach 77
Chinese narratives and the episodic interview 80
Fangtan: A Chinese narrative interview technique 81
Participants 88
Research processes 95
Episodic interviews 96
Integrating a go-along technique into episodic interviews 99
Fangtan interviews 100
Analyses 103
Holistic structural analysis 103
Thematic analysis 105
Visual analysis 106
Quality of narrative data 108
5 HOME MAKING IN A NEW LAND 111
Biographical disruption and status-discrepancy 112
Responding to biographical disruption through gardening 116
Responding to status-discrepancy through art-making 121
Relational dimensions of domestic space attachments 126
Chapter Summary 132
6 MATERIAL-MEDIATED ACCULTURATION 135
Observational acculturation 136
Familial acculturation 139
Participatory acculturation 142
Chinese media acculturation 145
Religious and spiritual acculturation 147
Chapter summary 150
7 CHANGING PRACTICES OF FILIAL PIETY 155
Living arrangements 155
Pre-co-residence: Lack of preparation 156
Parent-child co-residence: Multiple desires, expectations and needs 159
Filial Piety at a distance 163
Support to parents 168
Respecting parents 175
Children’s achievements 179
Ancestral worship 181
Gender norms 186
Chapter Summary 189
8 POSITIVE AGEING IN A NEW PLACE 193
Affordable and stable public housing 194
Building safe neighbourhoods 199
Engaging in local communities 203
Hybridised transnational communities 211
Spaces for care 216
Chapter summary 223
9 DISCUSSION 225
Integrating key findings 226
A culturally patterned narrative approach 234
Policy implications 238
REFERENCES 241
【精彩篇章】
PREFACE
Today, large numbers of older people are on the move; migrating both within and across nation states. Such movement can have consequences for the quality of life and relationships of migrants, and for the enactment of their familial obligations and cultural traditions. Lives can be both disrupted and enhanced along the way. When people migrate, they carry their cultural traditions and expectations with them. Simultaneously, people also face the need to adapt to new social, cultural and political realities. As people settle somewhere new, they often come to engage in new activities and to rethink the practicalities of their pre-existing cultural norms, expectations and practices. Migration in later life also raises a raft of issues regarding identity, belonging, contributions to family and community.
Dr Wendy Li offers a rare scholarly engagement with the issues discussed by drawing on a narrative approach that foregrounds disruption and renewal. Readers are presented with an invaluable study of ageing and aged care practices among older Chinese migrants to New Zealand. Having been educated in both the Chinese and Western university systems, Dr Li is in a unique position to combine ‘Eastern’ and ‘Western’ thought in extending our understanding of the intricacies of migration in later life. The result of her scholarly endeavour is a book that offers a nuanced way to understand the complexities of acculturation, narrative disruption and adjustment as emplaced processes central to experiences of migration and familial care later in life.
This book draws from the experiences of filial piety and biographies of a group of older Chinese migrants to New Zealand. Dr Li informs her interpretation of the participant’s experiences with acumens from diverse literatures relating to the ageing population, social policy, migration in later life and the role of culture in positive ageing in place. Symbolic interactionism proves useful as the theoretical basis for combining insights from across literatures, and for theorising the self and culture as interpenetrating and mutually constituted phenomena. The book conveys the history and significant of the cultural concept of filial piety and associated obligations. The explanation of filial piety and how it manifests in living arrangements, caregiving relationships and ancestor worship is ground breaking. The agentic ways in which the participants negotiated the challenges of relocation, settlement and familial obligations, whilst obtaining continuity in their life narratives, are handled with considered humility.
Dr Li presents a particularly useful discussion that connects the acculturation literature with work on ethnic identity construction, materiality, daily practices and place. She explores the emplaced nature of migration, and the role of material practices such as gardening—which is shown to enable migrants to put down both literal and cultural roots. Noteworthy are the ways in which older Chinese people engage in simple acts that enhance their sense of belonging in new settings, and provide a means to cultivate a sense of contributing to local community life. The picture painted from the exploration of such practices brings into question stereotypes about migrant groups that are often held by host populations. Readers are presented with a humane portrait of migrants grounded in simple acts such as the sharing of vegetables, giving local people free haircuts and the provision of Tai Chi lessons to members of the host community. From the author’s engagements with these practices, readers are offered a sense of how positive ageing in place can be realised and reciprocal relationships with local people can be fostered.
Often scholars are engaged in self-contained disciplinary specific conversations about the same topics in isolation from discussions in other disciplines. Dr Li brings insights from many of these conversations together. As a result, her work is of interest to scholars in a slew of disciplines, including psychology, ageing studies, demography, planning, sociology, history, policy, social work and cultural studies. This engaging book should be required reading for scholars researching migration in later life and for policy makers and community groups offering support to migrant communities.
Ultimately, human ageing is a biological reality. The social reality of people ageing at different rates and with varying levels of support and quality of life is associated with particularities of specific settings, relationships and cultural practices. The importance of books such as this lies in the insights it provides into how positive ageing in place can be realised for all.
By Professor Darrin Hodgetts, The University of Waikato, New Zealand
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