Hong Kong is a city without ground. This is true both physically (built on steep slopes, the city has no ground plane) and culturally (there is no concept of ground). Density obliterates figure-ground in the city, and in turn re-defines public-private spatial relationships. Perception of distance and time is distorted through compact networks of pedestrian infrastructure, public transport and natural topography in the urban landscape.

Without a ground, there can be no figure either. In fact, Hong Kong lacks any of the traditional figure-ground relationships that shape urban space: axis, edge, center, even fabric. Cities Without Ground explores this condition by mapping three-dimensional circulation networks that join shopping malls, train stations and public transport interchanges, public parks and private lobbies as a series of spatial models and drawings. These networks, though built piecemeal, owned by different public and private stakeholders, and adjacent to different programs and uses, form a continuous space of variegated environments that serves as a fundamental public resource for the city. The emergence of the shopping malls as spaces of civil society rather than of global capital— as grounds of resistance— comes as a surprise.

This continuous network and the microclimates of temperature, humidity, noise and smell which differentiate it constitute an entirely new form of urban spatial hierarchy. The relation between shopping malls and air temperature, for instance, suggests architectural implications in circulation—differentiating spaces where pedestrians eagerly flow or make efforts to avoid, where people stop and linger or where smokers gather. Air particle concentration is both logical and counterintuitive: outdoor air is more polluted, while the air in the higher-end malls is cleaner than air adjacent to lower value retail programs. Train stations, while significantly cooler than bus terminals, have only moderately cleaner air. Boundaries determined by sound or smell (a street of flower vendors or bird keepers, or an artificially perfumed mall) can ultimately provide more substantive spatial boundaries than a ground. While space in the city may be continuous, plumes of temperature differential or air particle intensity demonstrate that environments are far from equal.

Jonathan D Solomon is an American architect based in Hong Kong; his work explores future forms of urbanism through multidisciplinary collaborations. Solomon is a founding editor of 306090 Books, a publication series featuring novel developments in architecture, landscape architecture and urbanism that publishes its 14th volume, Making a Case, in 2011. In 2010, he co-curated Workshopping: An American Model of Architectural Practice, at the US Pavilion at the Venice Architecture Biennale. In 2009, his design for Ooi Botos Gallery, an adaptive reuse project in a Hong Kong street market, won two AIA awards. He is the author of several essays on the contemporary Asian city in the journal Log, and his proposals for converting a Bronx highway into a public park were published as the 26th volume of the acclaimed Pamphlet Architecture series from Princeton Architectural Press. Solomon has taught design at the City College of New York and, as a Banham Fellow, at the University at Buffalo, as well as the University of Hong Kong, where he is an Assistant Professor and Acting Head of the Department of Architecture. He is a licensed architect in the State of Illinois and Member of the American Institute of Architects.

Clara Wong is the co-author of Once Upon a Time… Monsterpieces of the 2000s!, which has been presented at the Storefront for Art and Architecture, New York, and the Architectural Association School of Architecture, London, and reviewed in the Architects’ Journal, Archidose, Domus and A+. She currently practices architecture in Hong Kong, and is a LEED accredited professional and a member of the Hong Kong Institute of Architects. She has been part-time assistant professor at the Faculty of Architecture, The University of Hong Kong, where she has taught and coordinated the Summer Program 2010 and 2009, and is a frequent visiting critic. She is co-exhibitor at the Venice Biennale 2010 and Sao Paulo Biennale 2009 on the spaces and environments of Hong Kong shopping malls. She holds a Master of Architecture degree from Harvard University Graduate School of Design. She received her Bachelor’s degree summa cum laude from Princeton University School of Architecture, and graduated with accolades from the Princeton University Program in Visual Arts, focusing on Drawing and Painting.

Adam Frampton is an architect who has been practicing at OMA since 2006. For three years, he was based in Rotterdam, working as a project leader responsible for numerous concept designs and competitions in the U.A.E., Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, and India. In addition, he was involved in the design of the Taipei Performing Arts Center, which won an open two-stage international competition in early 2009. He is currently located in Hong Kong as project leader for the development and realization of the project, which is scheduled for completion in 2015.

His independent work on Hong Kong urbanism, in collaboration with Jonathan Solomon and Clara Wong, was exhibited in the 12th International Architecture Exhibition at the Venice Biennale (2010). Prior to joining OMA, his analysis on the structural design of the World Trade Center, in collaboration with Guy Nordenson, was exhibited at the Museum of Modern Art, New York and has been acquired into its permanent collection. His work has also been exhibited the Center for Architecture, New York, and the Van Alen Institute, New York.

He holds a Master of Architecture from Princeton University and is a registered architect In the Netherlands.