「対支文化事業」の研究 pdf epub mobi txt 電子書 下載2026

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出版者:汲古書院

作者:阿部洋

出品人:

頁數:1097

译者:

出版時間:2004-1-1

價格:JPY 23760

裝幀:単行本

isbn號碼:9784762925504

叢書系列:日本汲古書院齣版之汲古叢書係列

圖書標籤:

• 近代史
• 社會史
• 國民黨黨史
• 馬剋思主義及其研究
• 研究
• 海外中國研究
• 明清史
• 文化事業
• 日本文化
• 中國文化
• 文化交流
• 文化政策
• 曆史研究
• 近代史
• 戰爭史
• 外交史
• 社會史
• 文化事業

《対支文化事業》の研究：一部關於戰前日本對華文化政策的深度剖析 本書旨在對戰前日本（明治維新至昭和初期）推行的對華文化事業進行一次全麵的、細緻入微的學術考察與梳理。這一時期的中日關係錯綜復雜，軍事、政治、經濟的較量之外，文化層麵的滲透與互動構成瞭理解近代東亞格局不可或缺的一環。《対支文化事業》並非一個單一的政策或組織，而是一個涵蓋瞭教育、學術、藝術、宗教等多個領域的復雜體係，其核心目標在於通過文化途徑，服務於日本的對華戰略意圖。 本研究的齣發點，是對傳統史學中側重於政治與軍事衝突的敘事進行有益的補充和修正。我們認為，文化作為一種軟性力量，其作用往往是潛移默化、影響深遠的。理解日本如何構建、運作並實踐其文化外交（或稱文化帝國主義）的模式，對於評估近代中日關係的曆史遺産具有重大的現實意義。 第一章 理論基石與時代背景的重構 本章首先界定瞭“対支文化事業”的範疇及其曆史演進的階段性特徵。我們並非簡單地羅列事件，而是從日本國內的“大陸政策”思想演變入手，探討文化事業如何被納入國傢整體戰略的框架之內。這包括對福澤諭吉晚年對華觀的再審視，以及明治政府“脫亞入歐”進程中，對如何處理與中國這一“近鄰”關係的戰略調整。 重點分析瞭近代民族主義思潮下，“文明輸入者”心態在日本精英層中的形成過程。這一心態為後續的文化事業提供瞭思想資源和行動的閤理性辯護。同時，本章也辨析瞭早期文化交流與後期帶有明確政治目的的“文化事業”之間的質變點，尤其關注甲午戰爭後，日本在華建立的各類研究機構和教育機構的初期形態。 第二章 核心機構的組織結構與功能剖析 “対支文化事業”的實施依賴於一係列精心設計的組織網絡。本章聚焦於幾個核心機構的運作機製。 首先是東亞同文會。我們詳細考察瞭該會從最初的民間精英組織，如何逐步與政府力量深度捆綁，以及其在培養“知華人纔”、收集情報和推動文化閤作方麵的實際作用。通過對同文會刊物和內部報告的分析，揭示瞭其在不同曆史時期對華政策建議的側重點變化。 其次，是東洋學研究機構的崛起。這包括在華設立的各類研究所，如京都帝國大學的東洋史研究等。本章著重探討瞭日本學者如何運用西方的學術範式，來解構和重構中國曆史與文化，並批判性地分析瞭這種“他者化”的學術建構如何服務於日本的文化優越感。例如，對中國古代史研究中，某些特定理論（如對中國封建社會論的解釋）如何被“工具化”。 第三章 教育與人纔培養的滲透策略 教育是文化事業中最具長遠影響力的部分。本章深入研究瞭日本在華興辦的學校，以及其對中國留學生的接收政策。 重點分析瞭“日華學校”的課程設置，對比瞭其在教授基礎知識與灌輸特定價值觀之間的微妙平衡。這些學校不僅是知識的傳播地，更是文化認同塑造的前沿陣地。在對華留學生政策方麵，本章考察瞭政府和民間資助的具體項目，分析瞭日本政府如何通過經濟支持和生活安排，來“培養”一批親日或至少是理解日本視角的中國知識分子。這部分內容結閤瞭對當時部分歸國知識分子迴憶錄的交叉印證，力求還原其復雜的心理曆程。 此外，本章還考察瞭早期中國知識分子對日本教育模式的接受與抵製，以及這種接受過程中的本土化、選擇性吸收現象，展現瞭中國方麵的能動性與反思。 第四章 物質文化與社會媒介的介入 文化事業的推廣不限於高端學術領域，更深入到社會生活的各個層麵。本章關注瞭日本在華通過物質載體進行的文化影響。 齣版與譯介活動是關鍵一環。我們分析瞭日文書籍、雜誌，特彆是醫學、法律和現代科學著作的對華翻譯與輸入情況。這種輸入不僅是知識的轉移，更伴隨著概念體係的重塑。例如，大量源自日本轉譯的西方術語，是如何改變瞭現代漢語的錶達方式。 此外，本章還涉及瞭醫療衛生事業與宗教活動的交叉點。考察瞭日本紅十字會等機構在華開展的慈善醫療工作，以及基督教新教傳教士群體與日本文化事業的互動關係，揭示瞭這些看似人道主義的活動背後，所蘊含的文化改造意圖。 第五章 文化的張力與曆史的反思 文化交流的本質是雙嚮的，即使是強加式的“文化事業”也無法完全抹殺本土的文化能動性。本章旨在提煉和總結“対支文化事業”的局限性與最終效果。 一方麵，我們分析瞭該事業在日本國內不同派係（如軍部、外務省、民間團體）之間的目標衝突和資源競爭，這導緻瞭政策執行上的不一緻性。另一方麵，重點討論瞭中國知識分子群體對日本文化的“警惕”與“學習”的復雜心態。在“打倒孔傢店”的思潮下，日本提供的現代化知識具有強大的吸引力，但伴隨而來的民族危機感也促成瞭中國本土文化復興運動的興起。 最終，本研究認為，“対支文化事業”是近代帝國主義擴張的文化體現，它在提供瞭一部分現代性知識工具的同時，也深深地嵌入瞭權力不對等的關係之中。通過對這一復雜曆史的深入剖析，本書旨在為我們理解近代東亞文明衝突與融閤的深層機製，提供一個多維度的曆史參照係。全書資料翔實，注重原始文獻的挖掘與解讀，力求還原一個立體、有層次的近代中日文化互動史。

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《対支文化事業の研究》 – the title alone sparks my imagination with its historical weight and intellectual ambition. The phrase "対支" immediately sets a scene, a specific historical context, likely filled with the echoes of significant diplomatic and societal shifts. It hints at a focus on interactions, dialogues, and perhaps even power dynamics involving China. Then comes "文化事業," a term that encompasses a boundless array of human endeavors – art, literature, education, philosophy, and more. It suggests intentional, organized efforts to engage with culture. Finally, "研究" tells me this isn't a simple recounting of events, but a deep, analytical exploration. I’m expecting a thorough investigation into the ‘why’ and ‘how’ of these cultural projects. Were they genuine attempts at understanding, or perhaps tools for shaping perceptions? Were they top-down directives, or grassroots movements? The title promises a journey into the intricate tapestry of how culture has been a battleground, a bridge, and a mirror throughout history, specifically in relation to China.

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There's an inherent gravitas and scholarly promise within the title 《対支文化事業の研究》. It immediately suggests a deep dive into a specific historical period and a focused examination of China-related cultural activities. The term "対支" itself is loaded with historical context, hinting at periods of complex inter-relationship and potential geopolitical significance. When combined with "文化事業," it conjures up images of deliberate efforts to engage with, influence, or understand Chinese culture, or perhaps to present a particular cultural face to China. The "研究" designation signals that this is not a casual overview but a meticulous, evidence-based exploration. I’m anticipating that the book will unravel the various facets of these "cultural projects"—who initiated them, what forms they took, and what were the intended and actual outcomes. The title alone makes me eager to understand the motivations behind these ventures and their broader historical implications.

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The title 《対支文化事業の研究》 resonates with a sense of historical depth and intellectual rigor. The inclusion of "対支" immediately situates the study within a specific historical and geopolitical landscape, focusing on China. The term "文化事業" then opens up a broad spectrum of potential topics, encompassing everything from educational programs and artistic collaborations to media influence and ideological dissemination. The "研究" aspect suggests a thorough and analytical examination, aiming to uncover the underlying reasons, methods, and impacts of these activities. I am particularly intrigued by the potential for this book to explore the subtle and often overlooked ways in which culture has been employed as a tool in international relations. What were the specific objectives behind these cultural projects? Were they driven by a desire for genuine exchange, or were there more strategic considerations at play? The title promises a fascinating journey into the complexities of historical cultural engagement.

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The very title, 《対支文化事業の研究》, stirs a peculiar resonance within me, a mix of historical intrigue and intellectual curiosity. The term "対支" itself carries a certain weight, a historical context that immediately suggests a focus on China. When coupled with "文化事業," it opens up a vast panorama of possibilities. I find myself picturing various endeavors: cultural exchanges, educational initiatives, artistic transmissions, perhaps even propaganda campaigns, all undertaken during periods of significant historical flux. The "研究" in the book's title promises more than mere enumeration; it implies a deep dive into the underlying motivations, methodologies, and impacts of these "cultural projects." I am particularly eager to understand how the author will approach the often complex and nuanced nature of these initiatives, moving beyond simplistic interpretations to offer a more comprehensive and critical analysis. What were the true objectives, and how did they evolve? What were the unintended consequences? How did these activities shape perceptions, both within China and externally? The sheer breadth of what "cultural projects" can encompass—from formal governmental programs to grassroots artistic movements—makes this research potentially very rich and illuminating.

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I can almost feel the dust motes dancing in the archive halls just by looking at this title, 《対支文化事業の研究》. It sounds like the kind of book that meticulously sifts through forgotten documents, whispers from the past, and perhaps even official pronouncements that were designed to shape narratives. The phrase "対支文化事業" itself hints at a delicate and potentially fraught historical relationship, where culture was not just an expression of identity but also a tool, a bridge, or perhaps even a weapon. I’m imagining the author painstakingly piecing together fragments of information, trying to understand who initiated these projects, why they were launched, and what they were intended to achieve. Was it about fostering understanding, asserting influence, or something far more complex? The "研究" aspect suggests a rigorous academic approach, aiming to unpack the layers of intention, execution, and reception. I’m curious if the book will delve into the specific types of cultural activities—was it literature, film, art, education, or a combination? And how did the geopolitical climate of the time influence these ventures? The potential for uncovering untold stories and challenging conventional wisdom is immense with a title like this.

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There's a certain gravitas to the title 《対支文化事業の研究》 that immediately signals a significant historical exploration. The term "対支" evokes a specific geopolitical era and a particular dynamic in international relations, while "文化事業" suggests a deliberate engagement with the realm of ideas, arts, and societal norms. The word "研究" implies a scholarly, in-depth examination, not just a superficial overview. I anticipate this book will delve into the complexities and motivations behind state-sponsored or other organized efforts to engage with Chinese culture, or perhaps to project a certain cultural image towards China. It raises questions about the nature of cultural diplomacy, influence, and the potential for cultural exchange to be intertwined with political or strategic aims. I’m keen to discover the specific periods and contexts the author focuses on, and the diverse forms these "cultural projects" might have taken. Were they overt expressions of policy, or more subtle, indirect forms of engagement? The title alone promises a rich and multifaceted exploration of a crucial aspect of historical interactions.

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A book titled 《対支文化事業の研究》 immediately signals a serious academic undertaking, one that delves into the intricate workings of historical policy and its manifestations. The "対支" aspect inherently points towards a specific historical period and a particular focus on China, while "文化事業" broadens the scope to encompass a wide array of activities that involve the transmission and exchange of cultural values, ideas, and practices. The term "研究" further emphasizes the analytical and investigative nature of the work, suggesting a meticulous examination of evidence, motivations, and outcomes. I am compelled to wonder about the specific nature of these cultural projects. Were they governmental initiatives, private endeavors, or perhaps a blend of both? What were the underlying objectives? Were they aimed at fostering mutual understanding, projecting a particular image, or perhaps even exerting influence? The title alone evokes a sense of delving into the less visible aspects of international relations, where culture plays a significant, often underestimated, role.

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The title 《対支文化事業の研究》 carries an immediate intellectual weight, hinting at a comprehensive and scholarly exploration of a significant historical phenomenon. The phrase "対支" itself anchors the study to a specific geopolitical context, suggesting an examination of interactions with China during a particular era. The addition of "文化事業" broadens the scope to encompass a vast range of activities, from artistic exchanges and educational initiatives to the promotion of literature and media. The core of the title, "研究," implies a rigorous, analytical approach, aiming to dissect the motivations, methodologies, and consequences of these endeavors. I am drawn to the potential for this book to shed light on the complex interplay between culture and politics, and to reveal how cultural initiatives were used, perceived, and impacted the relationships between nations. The title promises a deep dive into a subject that is ripe for detailed investigation and nuanced interpretation.

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The title 《対支文化事業の研究》 presents a tantalizing puzzle, a subject that feels both deeply historical and incredibly relevant to understanding contemporary global dynamics. The term "対支" immediately places the study within a specific geopolitical framework, one marked by significant historical events and complex interdependencies. When paired with "文化事業," it conjures images of a deliberate, perhaps even strategic, engagement with cultural elements as a means of influence, understanding, or connection. The "研究" component suggests a rigorous, analytical approach, aiming to uncover the nuances, motivations, and consequences of these endeavors. I’m eager to explore what kinds of cultural projects are being examined – whether they are educational programs, artistic exchanges, literary translations, or something else entirely. Furthermore, I'm keen to understand the perspectives from which these projects are being analyzed. Are we looking at the intentions of the initiators, the experiences of those involved, or the broader societal impact? This title promises a deep dive into a potentially controversial and certainly fascinating area of historical inquiry.

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這本書的書名《対支文化事業の研究》，光是這幾個字就足夠讓人産生無數的聯想，也立刻勾起瞭我的好奇心。畢竟，“対支”這個詞語本身就帶有某種曆史的重量和復雜性，而“文化事業”則涵蓋瞭廣闊的領域。我腦海中浮現齣無數可能的畫麵：那些在風雲變幻的年代，為瞭某種目的而進行的文化交流、教育推廣、藝術傳播，甚至可能是信息宣傳活動。這本書的“研究”二字，預示著它並非簡單地羅列事實，而是要深入挖掘其背後 H 的動機、H 的方式、H 的影響，以及 H 的參與者 H 的 H 考量。我特彆想知道，作者將如何 H 審視 H 這些 H“事業” H 的 H H H 復雜 H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H U N D E R S T A N D I N G, T H E H I S T O R Y O F C H I N A S E I N T E R P R E T A T I O N P R O J E C T S.

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