Linnaeus' Philosophia Botanica

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出版者:Oxford University Press
作者:Carl Linnaeus
出品人:
页数:428
译者:Stephen Freer
出版时间:2005-8-11
价格:USD 125.00
装帧:Paperback
isbn号码:9780198569343
丛书系列:
图书标签:
  • 植物学
  • 分类学
  • 林奈
  • 哲学
  • 科学史
  • 18世纪
  • 博物学
  • 系统学
  • 植物命名
  • 拉丁文
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Review

"...Fortunatly, Stephen Freer, a classical scholar, has provided painstaking, exact and very lucid English translation....so that the Philosophia Botnaic, with the addition of an excellent introduction by Paul Allen Cox, is now accessible and meaningful to those with no more then a modest grasp of systematic botany."-- Curtis's Botanical Journal

"This book is beautifully produced and well-illustrated. Stephen Freer is to be congratulated on his translation wich easily brings 18th century Latin to a modern relationship."--Edinburgh Journal of Botany

"The translator's meticulous attention to detail and the publisher's lavish production cannot be praised too highly. A valuable resource for taxonomists and of great interest to botanists in general and historians of science."--The Naturalist

"As translator, Freer is in a sense invisible in this work, and yet his hand is on every page, presenting Linnaeus' ideas and teachings to a new and wider audience... straightforward and very readable. This translation is an important contribution to science and its history..."-- Charlotte Tancin, Hunt Institute for Botanical Documentation

"We must be grateful to Stephen Freer and Oxford University Press for bringing us this excellent translation. I urge yo not only to buy it but also to read it, because you will enjoy it."--Alex S. George, Systematic Biology

"Reading this excellent translation of the Philosophia Botanica, ...historians, botanists and gardeners are among those who will find it fascinating"--Jim Endersby, The Times Literary Supplement

"Freer's translation of Linnaeus's Philosophia Botanica makes a classic work of botany accessible to English language readers. ...will have a lasting impact on historical studies aimed at understanding how Linnaeus worked and how some of his ideas were formulated."--Choice

"All in all this is a delightful and informative translation of a botanical classic... Anyone interested in the history of botany and in teaching botany will enjoy and benefit from reading this book."--Plant Science Bulletin, Fall 2005, Vol.51, No.3

"Reading this excellent translation . . . reviewers of the hard copy edition have already heaped praise on Stephen Freer's skilful and meticulous translation. . . I can only add gratitude for providing easy access to one of Linnaeus's most important texts."-- Dr Pieter Baas, The Linnean Society Journal, October 2006

"All in all this is a delightful and informative translation of a botanical classic...Anyone interested in the history of botany and in teaching botany will enjoy and benefit from reading this book."--Marshall D. Sundberg, Plant Science Bulletin

Philosophia Botanica is certainly a must on the shelves of anyone interested in the history and philosophy of the life sciences."-- Dr. Staffan Mueller-Wille, Journal of the History of Biology

"What a treat to have the whole of this work available in English for the first time. It is hard to over-emphasise its importance."--Dr Crinan Alexander, The Garden

". . . In his translation, Freer remains faithful to the author while choosing language that will convey meaning to modern readers. . ." Dr Melinda Hayes,Quarterly Review of Biology

"For his skilful translation Stephen Freer deserves our unstinted admiration and gratitude."-- Philip Oswald, Archives of Natural History

"Stephen Freer is to be heartily congratulated for providing such a stylish and, for the first time, complete English translation of this most important volume."-- Dr Gren Lucas, Plant Talk

Product Description

Philosophia Botanica (The Science of Botany), by Carl Linnaeus, was originally published in Latin in Stockholm and Amsterdam in 1751. It is a greatly expanded revision of his Fundamenta Botanica (Foundations of Botany) of 1736, summarizing his work on the classification and taxonomy of plants while adding substantial new material. The book represents a critical stage in the evolution of binomial nomenclature, with a single word to describe the genus and another for the species. Special importance is attached to accurate description of the parts of plants, and to the correct use of technical terms. There are also explanations of the effects of soil and climatic conditions on plant growth. The book includes 9 original engravings, with 167 figures showing the shapes of leaves and other parts of the plant, and 6 short memoranda describing Linnaeus' botanical excursions, detailing his ideas for garden and herbarium construction, and outlining what is required of a botanist and his pupils. There are also indexes of technical terms, genera and subjects. The first full English translation of this classic work since 1775, this beautiful book will be highly attractive to botanists and all those interested in the history of science.

《植物的智慧:论自然秩序与分类的探索》 作者: 某位深受启蒙时代自然哲学熏陶的学者 出版年份: 17XX年 页数: 约800页 装帧: 考究的皮革封面,内页采用优质羊皮纸,配有精细的手绘植物插图和详细的解剖图谱。 --- 内容梗概 本书并非一部简单的植物图鉴或药用指南,而是一部深刻探究植物界内在逻辑、生命本质与自然秩序的哲学论著。作者以极其审慎和严谨的笔触,试图揭示上帝赋予植物界的“自然语言”,并构建一个能够反映宇宙和谐的分类体系。全书结构宏大,逻辑严密,涵盖了植物的形态学、生理学、生殖机制、生态关系,直至最终对生命现象的形而上学思考。 第一部分:植物的生命现象与存在基础(De Vita Vegetabilium et Fundamentis Essentiae) 本部分着重于对植物生命活动的哲学性考察。作者挑战了当时流行的“活力论”中将植物生命视为动物生命低级模仿的观点,主张植物拥有其独特的、基于物质与形体的“内在动力”(Vis Interna)。 1. 形态学的本体论: 作者细致描述了根、茎、叶的结构,但更侧重于探究这些结构在植物生存策略中的必然性。例如,根的向下生长被视为对地球引力(Gravitas Mundi)的响应,而叶的展开则被视为对光能(Lumen Spirituale)的积极汲取。每一形态特征都被赋予了形而上的意义,而非仅仅是偶然的构造。 2. 营养与循环的动力学: 与医学界侧重于体液说的传统不同,本书深入探讨了植物如何通过土壤(Terra Mater)吸收“精微物质”(Substantia Tenue)并将其转化为木质和汁液。作者提出了一个关于“生命流”(Fluxus Vitae)的理论,认为植物体内的物质转换是一种缓慢而持续的、遵循特定速率的化学与精神融合过程。 3. 生命周期的宿命论: 这一章讨论了植物的萌发、生长、开花与凋谢。作者认为,植物的生命轨迹是其内在本质(Essentia Intrinsica)的必然展现,从种子到死亡,每一步都预示着它在自然阶梯中的位置。开花被视为物质转化为精神显现的关键时刻。 第二部分:植物的繁殖与延续的奥秘(De Generatione et Continuatione Specierum) 这是全书最富争议和创新性的部分,作者以细致的观察,挑战了关于植物“无性繁殖”和“自然发生”的传统观念。 1. 性别的发现与争论: 作者通过对数百种植物花朵的解剖研究,提出了植物体内存在明确的雄性和雌性部分。他详细描述了花药中“花粉”(Pulvis Fertilans)的作用,并将其与动物世界的受精过程进行类比。作者坚持认为,即便在看似简单的植物中,生殖也需要两种对立力量(Active et Passive)的结合。 2. 杂交与变异的界限: 作者对不同品种间进行的小规模人工嫁接和播种实验进行了记录。他谨慎地论证了“种的恒定性”(Stabilitas Speciei),即自然界有着阻止物种间完全混淆的内在机制。然而,他也承认了“微小变异”(Variae Minutiae)的存在,并将这些变异归因于环境因素对生命流的暂时性扰动。 3. 种子的“休眠”与“唤醒”: 作者对种子内部的“胚胎”(Embryo Occultus)进行了深入的形态描绘,并提出了关于种子如何“感知”到适宜生长条件的理论。他认为,种子并非静止不动,而是处于一种极低能级的存在状态,等待外部环境(如温度、湿度与光照的完美结合)提供“唤醒的契机”(Momentum Excitationis)。 第三部分:自然秩序与分类的逻辑基础(De Ordine Naturali et Fundamentis Systematis) 此部分是作者试图构建一个超越当时混乱命名法的逻辑框架的努力。 1. 自然界的分级结构: 作者继承了亚里士多德和笛卡尔的部分思想,将整个自然界视为一个连续的等级体系,从无机物到矿物、植物、动物,再到人类理性。植物界位于“运动性缺乏”(Motus Deficiens)与“感受性低微”(Sensibilitas Debilis)之间。 2. 识别特征的筛选标准: 作者严厉批评了仅以花或果实作为分类依据的肤浅做法。他强调,一个科学的分类系统必须基于那些最稳定、最能体现植物内在结构和功能差异的特征。他提出了一系列优先识别的特征组,例如: 固有的器官结构(Organa Intrinsica): 根系的分叉模式、维管束的排列方式。 生长的习性(Modus Crescendi): 是攀援、直立还是匍匐。 繁殖的机制(Machina Generativa): 花器的对称性、雄蕊与雌蕊的数量和附着方式。 3. 命名法的哲学要求: 作者主张,任何有效的植物名称必须具备两个要素:一是能够指示其在自然等级中所处的位置(指示其“属”的范畴),二是能够明确区分其与其他相似物种的特征(指示其“种”的特性)。他认为,一个好的命名法应当是描述性的,而非仅仅是任意的标签。名称本身必须承载其所属生物的本质信息。 结语:对人类认知的反思 在全书的收尾部分,作者将视野转向人类自身。他指出,对植物界秩序的理解,是人类理解自身在上帝创造的宏大蓝图中位置的关键。植物界的规律——有序、循环、精确的结构——反映了造物主的理性。掌握植物的哲学,即是掌握了通往更深层宇宙真理的途径之一。本书被视为那个时代对生命科学进行系统化、哲学化梳理的里程碑式著作。

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