Many legal theorists maintain that laws are effective because we internalize them, obeying even when not compelled to do so. In a comprehensive reassessment of the role of force in law, Frederick Schauer disagrees, demonstrating that coercion, more than internalized thinking and behaving, distinguishes law from society s other rules. Reinvigorating ideas from Jeremy Bentham and John Austin, and drawing on empirical research as well as philosophical analysis, Schauer presents an account of legal compliance based on sanction and compulsion, showing that law s effectiveness depends fundamentally on its coercive potential. Law, in short, is about telling people what to do and threatening them with bad consequences if they fail to comply. Although people may sometimes obey the law out of deference to legal authority rather than fear of sanctions, Schauer challenges the assumption that legal coercion is marginal in society. Force is more pervasive than the state s efforts to control a minority of disobedient citizens. When people believe that what they should do differs from what the law commands, compliance is less common than assumed, and the necessity of coercion becomes apparent. Challenging prevailing modes of jurisprudential inquiry, Schauer makes clear that the question of legal force has sociological, psychological, political, and economic dimensions that transcend purely conceptual concerns. Grappling with the legal system s dependence on force helps us understand what law is, how it operates, and how it helps organize society."
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肖尔试图唤起被哈特以降的法律实证主义者所排除的法律的强制的意义，不过在心理/意义，规范/经验，效力/实效等传统概念图示下，强制的存在空间依然有限。
评分方法论的反本质主义真的能成功吗？我很怀疑通过典型特征取代必然特征、反对概念分析方法论的进路可以成功。但是从统计学意义上证明困惑的人的数量上不占多数来证明强制之必然性可能是错误的论证，因为可以不通过实证研究来证明强制的必然性。但不管怎么说，这本书有很多有价值的点可以探讨一下。
评分认为探讨法律的概念是typical case而不是essence，因此强制作为一个重要的特征被实证主义忽略，puzzled man接受法律作为行为理由的可能要小很多。但似乎竖错了靶子？
评分方法论的反本质主义真的能成功吗？我很怀疑通过典型特征取代必然特征、反对概念分析方法论的进路可以成功。但是从统计学意义上证明困惑的人的数量上不占多数来证明强制之必然性可能是错误的论证，因为可以不通过实证研究来证明强制的必然性。但不管怎么说，这本书有很多有价值的点可以探讨一下。
评分与Hart的交锋领域可能仅是对于officials有没有internal acceptance的判断。学生时代最后一篇论文选题,workshop with Prof. Leiter.
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