Language consists of dispositions, socially instilled, to respond observably to socially observable stimuli. Such is the point of view from which a noted philosopher and logician examines the notion of meaning and the linguistic mechanisms of objective reference. In the course of the discussion, Professor Quine pinpoints the difficulties involved in translation, brings to light the anomalies and conflicts implicit in our language's referential apparatus, clarifies semantic problems connected with the imputation of existence, and marshals reasons for admitting or repudiating each of various categories of supposed objects. He argues that the notion of a language-transcendent "sentence-meaning" must on the whole be rejected; meaningful studies in the semantics of reference can only be directed toward substantially the same language in which they are conducted.

W.V.O.蒯因（1908－2000），20世纪下半叶最有影响的美国著名哲学家，数理逻辑学家，现代分析哲学的主要代表人物之一。1932年毕业于哈佛大学哲学系，获博士学位。1932－1933年赴欧洲（维也纳、布拉格、华沙等地）做访问研究。1936年开始作为讲师在哈佛大学任教，1941年升为副教授。第二次世界大战期间曾在美国海军服役，战后返回哈佛任教，1948年升为教授。此后多次在其他大学讲学，1978年退休。主要哲学著作有：《从逻辑的观点看》（1953）、《语词和对象》（1960）、《悖论方法及其他论文集》（1966）、《本体论的相对性及其他论文集》（1969）、《逻辑哲学》（1970）、《理论和事物》（1981）等。