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In 1952, Professor Allan Holmberg arranged for Cornell University to lease the Hacienda Vicos, an agricultural estate in the central Peruvian highlands on which some 1800 Quechua-speaking highland peasants resided. Between 1952 and 1957 Holmberg, with colleagues and students, initiated a set of social, economic, and agrarian changes, and nurtured mechanisms for community-based management of the estate by the resident peasants. By the end of a second lease in 1962, sufficient political pressure had been brought to bear on a reluctant national government to force the sale of Vicos to its people. Holmberg's twin goals for the Vicos Project were to bring about community possession of their land base and to study the process as it unfolded, advancing anthropological understanding of cultural change. To describe the process of doing both, he invented the term "participant intervention." Despite the large corpus of existing Vicos publications, this book contains much information that here reaches print for the first time. The chapter authors do not entirely agree on various key points regarding the nature of the Vicos Project, the intentions of project personnel and community actors, and what interpretive framework is most valid; in part, these disagreements reflect the relevance and importance of the Vicos Project to contemporary applied anthropologists and the contrasting ways in which any historical event can be explained. Some chapters contrast Vicos with other projects in the southern Andean highlands; others examine new developments at Vicos itself. The conclusion suggests how those changes should be understood, within Andean anthropology and within anthropology more generally.

Clifford R. Barnett is professor emeritus of anthropological sciences

at Stanford University. He is a past president of the Society for Applied

Anthropology and is one of the founders and past president of the Society

for Medical Anthropology. He has worked as an applied and medical anthropologist

in indigenous communities in the American Southwest and

Guatemala and in medical centers in the United States. Correspondence

should be directed to cliffb@stanford.edu.

Ralph Bolton, professor of anthropology at Pomona College, was a

Peace Corps volunteer in Peru from 1962 to 1965. He received his PhD

from Cornell University in 1972, with a dissertation based on two years

of fieldwork in the department of Puno. His work was twice honored

with the Stirling Award from the Society for Psychological Anthropology

(1972, 1974). He is an author of more than thirty publications dealing with

the Andes and the coeditor with E. Mayer of Andean Kinship and Marriage

(1977). His latest volume is a collection entitled Cuyes, Camiones y Cuentos

en los Andes (2008). Bolton is also founder and president of The Chijnaya

Foundation, a nonprofit organization engaged in applied anthropology in

the highlands of southern Peru. Correspondence should be directed to

ProfessorBolton@aol.com.

Paul L. Doughty is Distinguished Service Professor and professor emeritus

of anthropology at the University of Florida. He studied anthropology

at the University of Pennsylvania and at Cornell University (PhD, 1963),

directed by Allan Holmberg. He worked in and visited Vicos many times after 1960; he was a consultant with the World Bank and the U.S. Agency

for International Development in Peru and Ecuador, president of the Latin

American Studies Association, and Malinowski awardee for career achievements

from the Society for Applied Anthropology. Correspondence

should be directed to p_doughty@bellsouth.net.

Jorge A. Flores Ochoa is professor emeritus at the Universidad de

Cuzco. A student of Oscar Nuñez del Prado, Professor Flores worked at

Kuyo Chico, a well-known 1960s project of Peruvian applied anthropology

stimulated by the Vicos Project. He is a leading authority on the anthropology,

past and present, of the Cuzco region, with extensive personal

research and publications on alpaca-raising communities in the southern

Peruvian highlands.

Tom Greaves is professor emeritus of anthropology at Bucknell University.

He completed his doctoral research in the late 1960s on four Peruvian

coastal haciendas. Additional field research in the Andes dealt with tin

miners, health, the fiesta complex, colonist farmers in the upper Amazon,

Andean proletarianization, and urban migrants. His more recent work has

dealt with contemporary indigenous issues and human rights. Greaves has

served as president of the Society for Applied Anthropology and on the

governing council of the National Association for the Practice of Anthropology.

Correspondence should be directed to greaves@bucknell.edu.

Billie Jean Isbell is emerita professor of anthropology at Cornell University.

She directed the Andean program for Cornell’s International Institute

for Food, Agriculture, and Development from 1990 until 2002. She also

directed the Latin American Program at Cornell from 1987 to 1993 and

again in 2001 and 2002. Recent publications include “Written on My

Body,” in Violence: Anthropological Encounters (2009); Finding Cholita (2009);

“Culture Confronts Nature in the Dialectical World of the Tropics,” in

Foundations of Archaeoastronomy (2008); “Para Defendernos,” in Bartolomé

de las Casas (2005); and “Protest Arts from Ayacucho, Peru: Song and

Visual Artworks As Validation of Experience,” in Quechua Expresivo: La

Inscripción de Voces Andinas (2004). Illustrations of the art and music are

available on her website, “The Billie Jean Isbell Andean Collection”

(http://isbellandes.library.cornell.edu). She also has another website,

titled “Vicos: A Virtual Tour” (http://courses.cit.cornell.edu/vicosperu/

vicos-site). Correspondence should be directed to bji1@cornell.edu.

William Mangin, professor of anthropology, Syracuse University, retired,

resided in Peru for three two-year periods and visited many times

between 1951 and 1996. His first work in Peru, in 1951, studied alcohol

use among Andean Indians in Vicos. He was field director of the Vicos

Project from mid-1952 to mid-1953; he studied migration to Lima and

squatter settlements in 1957 to 1959 and taught at the University of

San Marcos at that time. He was deputy and then acting director of the

Peace Corps in Peru from 1962 to 1964. His made his last visit to Vicos

in the 1980s. Some of his publications include It’s All Relative (1988);

“Thoughts on Twenty-four Years of Work in Peru: The Vicos Project

and Me,” in Long-term Field Research in Social Anthropology (1979);

“Squatter Settlements” in Scientific American (1967); and “Latin American

Squatter Settlements: A Problem and a Solution,” in Latin American Research

Review (1967).

Enrique Mayer studied economics and anthropology in England and

received his doctorate from Cornell. From 1971 to 1978 he served on the

faculty of the Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú and directed the

master’s program in anthropology. From 1977 to 1981 he headed the Departamento

de Investigaciones Antropológicas of the Instituto Indigenísta

Interamericano in Mexico and was editor of the Revista América Indígena.

He was professor of anthropology at the University of Illinois, Urbana

Champaign, and, for eight years, director of the Center for Latin American

and Caribbean Studies until 1995. Since 1996 he has been professor of

anthropology at Yale. He has done fieldwork in Peru in the community of

Tángor in Pasco province, in the headwaters region of the Río Cañete, in

the Mantaro Valley, and in the Tulumayo Valley in Paucartambo province,

Cuzco. His latest book is Ugly Stories of the Peruvian Agrarian Reform (2009).

Correspondence should be directed to enrique.mayer@yale.edu.

William P. Mitchell, professor of anthropology and Freed Professor in

the Social Sciences at Monmouth University, as well as visiting professor

of anthropology at Lima’s Catholic University in 1987 and 1988, began his

research in Peru in 1965, conducting many research trips and investigations

in Ayacucho, Huancayo, Lima, and other areas of the coast. In addition to

many articles, he has published Peasants on the Edge (1981), Voices from the

Global Margin (2006), Picturing Faith (1999, with Barbara Jaye), and Irrigation

at High Altitudes (1994, with David Guillet). Correspondence should

be directed to Mitchell@Monmouth.edu.

Karsten Paerregaard is associate professor in the Department of Anthropology,

University of Copenhagen. His research is focused on migration

processes inside and outside Peru. His publications include Linking Separate

Worlds. Urban Migrants and Rural Lives in Peru (1997), Peruvians Dispersed:

A Global Ethnography of Migration (2008), and El Quinto Suyo: Transnacionalidad

and Formaciones Diaspóricas en la Migración Peruana (2005, edited with

Ulla Berg). Correspondence should be directed to karsten.paerregaard@

anthro.ku.dk.

Jason Pribilsky is a cultural and medical anthropologist and associate

professor of anthropology and Latin American studies at Whitman College

in Washington State. Through fieldwork in Ecuador, Peru, and the urban

United States, his research has focused on issues of migration, masculinity,

infectious disease, the cultural politics of traditional medicine, and economic

change in rural livelihoods. He is the author of numerous articles

and book chapters, as well as the monograph La Chulla Vida: Gender,

Migration, and the Family in Andean Ecuador and New York City (2007). Correspondence

should be directed to pribiljc@whitman.edu.

Eric B. Ross is a cultural anthropologist who has taught at the University

of Michigan (Ann Arbor), the University of Huddersfield (England),

and the Institute of Social Studies (Netherlands), where he ran its master’s

program in development studies. He has done research in the Peruvian

Amazon, Mexico, and Guatemala, and his current interests include the

comparative origins of food systems, peasant livelihood strategies, and

ideologies of capitalist development. Besides having published innumerable

articles, he is the author of The Malthus Factor: Poverty, Politics and

Population in Capitalist Development (1998), coauthor (with Marvin Harris)

of Death, Sex and Fertility: Population Regulation in Preindustrial and Developing

Societies (1987), editor of Beyond the Myths of Culture: Essays in Cultural

Materialism (1980), and coeditor (with Marvin Harris) of Food and Evolution:

Toward a Theory of Human Food Habits (1987). He is currently visiting

professor of anthropology and international development studies at George

Washington University, Washington, DC. Correspondence should be directed

to ross@iss.nl.

Florencia Zapata is an anthropologist specializing in Andean rural development.

Since 1999 she has worked in the Andean Program of The Mountain Institute. Between 2003 and 2006 she was a visiting scholar in

the Latin American Studies Program at Cornell. From 2003 to 2008 she

coordinated a project on methods to evoke and document local collective

memory on the impacts of modernization and development. Currently she

is working on conservation of mountain ecosystems, Andean community

development, and further studies of collective memory. In 2005 she facilitated

the creation of Memorias de la Comunidad de Vicos: Así Nos Recordamos,

authored by the Community of Vicos. Correspondence should be directed

to florenciaz@mountain.org.

Introduction╇╇ Tom Greaves and Ralph Bolton╇╇ vii
Part I: Remembering the Vicos Project
chapter 1
Who Was That Gringo? Holmberg before Vicos╇╇ Tom Greaves╇╇ 3
chapter 2
Early Years of the Vicos Project from the Perspective of a Sympathetic
Participant Observer╇╇ William Mangin╇╇ 19
chapter 3
Lessons from Vicos╇╇ Clifford R. Barnett╇╇ 39
chapter 4
Anthropological Journeys: Vicos and the Callejón de Huaylas,
1948 to 2006╇╇ Paul L. Doughty╇╇ 51
Part II: Evaluating the Vicos Project
chapter 5
Anthropological Hope and Social Reality: Cornell’s Vicos
Project Reexamined╇╇ William P. Mitchell╇╇ 81
chapter 6
Modernizing Peru: Negotiating Indigenismo, Science, and the “Indian
Problem” in the Cornell-Peru Project╇╇ Jason Pribilsky ╇╇ 103
chapter 7
Reflections on Vicos: Anthropology, the Cold War, and the Idea of
Peasant Conservatism╇╇ Eric B. Ross╇╇ 129
chapter 8
Vicos as a Model: A Retrospective╇╇ Enrique Mayer╇╇ 163
Part III: Alternatives to the Vicos Project
chapter 9
Globalizing Andean Society: Migration and Change in Peru’s Peasant
Communities╇╇ Karsten Paerregaard ╇╇ 195
chapter 10
Chijnaya—The Birth and Evolution of an Andean Community:
Memories and Reflections of an Applied Anthropologist╇╇
Ralph Bolton╇╇ 215
chapter 11
The Case of Kuyo Chico╇╇ Jorge A. Flores Ochoa ╇╇ 265
Part IV: Vicos Today
chapter 12
Cornell Returns to Vicos, 2005╇╇ Billie Jean Isbell ╇╇ 283
chapter 13
Remembering Vicos: Local Memories and Voices╇╇
Florencia Zapata╇╇ 309
Conclusion╇╇ Tom Greaves, Ralph Bolton, and Florencia Zapata╇╇ 345
Index╇╇ 349
About the Editors and Contributors╇╇ 355
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