This volume brings together a distinguished group of scholars working on Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union to examine in depth three waves of democratic change that took place in eleven different former Communist nations. Its essays draw important conclusions about the rise, development, and breakdown of both democracy and dictatorship in each country and together provide a rich comparative perspective on the post-Communist world. The first democratic wave to sweep this region encompasses the rapid rise of democratic regimes from 1989 to 1992 from the ashes of Communism and Communist states. The second wave arose with accession to the European Union (from 2004 to 2007) and the third, with the electoral defeat of dictators (1996 to 2005) in Croatia, Serbia, Georgia, and Ukraine. Although these three waves took place in different countries and involved different strategies, they nonetheless shared several overarching commonalities. International factors played a role in all three waves, as did citizens demanding political change. Further, each wave revealed not just victorious democrats but also highly resourceful authoritarians. The authors of each chapter in this volume examine both internal and external dimensions of both democratic success and failure.
1 Contains a unique group of country cases, with each chapter presenting new empirical data and analysis
2 Tightly organized around the causes of transitional successes and failures
3 Both North American and in-country experts are included in the distinguished list of authors
Valerie Bunce, Cornell University, New York
Valerie Bunce is the Aaron Binenkorb Professor of International Studies and Professor of Government at Cornell University. Bunce is the author, most recently, of Subversive Institutions: The Design and the Collapse of Socialism and the State (Cambridge, 1999), and her articles have appeared in the American Political Science Review, Comparative Politics, Comparative Political Studies, Politics and Society, and International Organization, together with a variety of area-based journals and edited volumes.
Michael McFaul, Stanford University, California
Michael A. McFaul is the Peter and Helen Bing Senior Fellow at the Hoover Institution and Professor of Political Science at Stanford University. He is also a non-resident Senior Associate at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. He is the author and editor of several monographs, most recently Revolution in Orange: The Origins of Ukraine's Democratic Breakthrough (with Anders Aslund, 2006), Between Dictatorship and Democracy: Russian Postcommunist Political Reform (with Nikolai Petrov and Andrei Ryabov, 2004), and After the Collapse of Communism: Comparative Lessons of Transitions (with Kathryn Stoner-Weiss, 2004).
Kathryn Stoner-Weiss, Stanford University, California
Kathryn Stoner-Weiss is Associate Director for Research and Senior Research Scholar at CDDRL, Stanford University. She is the author of Resisting the State: Reform and Retrenchment in Post-Soviet Russia (2006) and Local Heroes: The Political Economy of Russian Regional Governance (1997). She is also co-editor of After the Collapse of Communism: Comparative Lessons of Transitions (with Michael McFaul, 2004).
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这本书真正的高明之处在于,它没有被表象的“自由”与“专制”二元对立所局限。很多关于后共产主义世界的讨论,很容易陷入一种非黑即白的道德审判,但作者在这里展现了令人赞叹的学术克制和深度。他巧妙地引入了“软威权主义”(soft authoritarianism)和“不完全民主”(illiberal democracy)这些概念,并通过对俄罗斯和白俄罗斯案例的深度剖析,揭示了权力如何披着民主的外衣,进行精巧的制度性重构。我特别欣赏作者对司法独立性和媒体自由这两个核心指标的衡量标准。他不仅仅关注立法层面的变化,更深入挖掘了权力在执行层面如何被稀释、被绑架的过程。例如,书中关于寡头政治与国家权力的交织,对资源分配和政治忠诚的塑造作用的描述,极具洞察力。这部分内容读起来,让人有一种拨开迷雾、直抵权力核心运作机制的震撼感。它提醒我们,民主的脆弱性远超想象,制度的空心化往往发生在我们最不注意的角落。
评分全书的语言风格是内敛而有力的,没有过多煽情的辞藻,但每一个论断都建立在坚实的实证研究基础之上。对我个人而言,最受启发的是关于“后意识形态政治”的论述。作者认为,随着共产主义意识形态的崩塌,旧有的社会动员基础随之瓦解,新的政治精英们不得不诉诸民族主义、怀旧情绪甚至是技术官僚的说辞来填补真空。这种叙事上的转向,解释了为什么在一些地区,怀念过去的稳定感,会比追求不确定的民主化进程更具吸引力。这种“寻找身份”的政治,在探讨中东欧国家如何面对身份认同危机时,达到了一个高峰。作者对“历史创伤”如何被政治人物利用和再生产的分析,简直是教科书级别的案例研究。它让我们反思,政治转型不仅仅是制度的更迭,更是集体记忆与社会心理的深刻重塑。阅读过程中,我不断地被引导去思考,那些看似表面的政治口号背后,隐藏着多么深层的文化和心理驱动力。
评分这本书的视野非常开阔,它超越了单纯的东欧视角,将中亚的某些后苏维埃国家也纳入了比较的框架之中。这种跨区域的比较,极大地增强了其理论的普适性和解释力。作者在处理不同国家制度差异时所展现出的细致入微,令人印象深刻。比如,对中亚国家中,部族结构和个人崇拜如何对现代国家建构产生持续影响的描述,与东欧国家中,精英阶层的“欧洲化”倾向形成了鲜明对比。这种对环境决定论和结构性制约的深刻理解,让整部作品的论证逻辑更加圆融自洽。如果说有什么可以挑剔的话,也许是关于经济转型对政治分化的影响着墨可以更重一些,尽管作者触及了“休克疗法”的社会成本,但如果能更深入地探讨不同路径的经济精英如何反哺或阻碍政治发展,可能会让这幅图景更加完整。总体而言,这是一部格局宏大的作品,它成功地提供了一个理解复杂后共产主义政治光谱的必备工具箱。
评分这本书的学术价值不言而喻,但它带给我的阅读体验是深刻的震撼与反思。它不是一本读完就能“总结”出几个简单结论的书,而更像是一面镜子,映照出我们这个时代政治韧性与脆弱性的边界。尤其是在全球范围内威权主义回潮的背景下,这本书所梳理的那些历史经验和制度陷阱,显得格外具有现实意义。作者对权力转移和制度演化的精妙描摹,让人对“不可逆转的进步”这一概念产生了深刻的怀疑。它迫使我们必须以一种更加动态、更具批判性的眼光,去审视任何声称已经“完成”的政治成就。我合上书页时,脑海中回荡的不是那些冰冷的学术术语,而是那些在历史洪流中挣扎、选择的普通民众和政治人物的形象。这本书的真正力量在于,它不仅解释了“发生了什么”,更在于它让我们理解了“为什么会以这种方式发生”,并警示我们未来“可能如何发生”。这是一部真正有骨气、有深度的政治学力作。
评分这本书的封面设计很吸引人,那种深沉的蓝调和略显粗粝的字体,一下子就让人联想到了东欧剧变后那些复杂、充满张力的政治现实。我本来以为它会是一本枯燥的学术专著,充满了晦涩的理论模型和无休止的数据图表。然而,刚翻开目录,我就被作者清晰的结构感和对议题的精准把握所折服。它不像某些同类型的作品那样,一上来就陷入对意识形态冲突的过度渲染,而是选择了一种更加温和但同样有力的切入点——探讨后共产主义转型期,民主化进程是如何在一个个具体的国家层面被塑造、被扭曲,甚至是被逆转的。书中对波兰、匈牙利以及波罗的海三国早期民主实践的对比分析,尤其精彩。作者没有简单地将它们归为“成功”或“失败”,而是细致入微地描绘了制度选择背后的社会动员、精英共识和外部环境的相互作用。读到这里,我感觉自己仿佛置身于那些转型初期的关键时刻,亲眼见证了历史的十字路口是如何做出艰难抉择的。这本书的叙事节奏掌握得非常好,既有宏观的理论框架支撑,又不失对微观案例的生动刻画,使得即便是对政治学不太熟悉的读者也能轻松跟随作者的思路。
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