具体描述
The origin of species has fascinated both biologists and the general public since the publication of Darwin's Origin of Species in 1859. Significant progress in understanding the process was achieved in the "modern synthesis," when Theodosius Dobzhansky, Ernst Mayr, and others reconciled Mendelian genetics with Darwin's natural selection. Although evolutionary biologists have developed significant new theory and data about speciation in the years since the modern synthesis, this book represents the first systematic attempt to summarize and generalize what mathematical models tell us about the dynamics of speciation.
Fitness Landscapes and the Origin of Species presents both an overview of the forty years of previous theoretical research and the author's new results. Sergey Gavrilets uses a unified framework based on the notion of fitness landscapes introduced by Sewall Wright in 1932, generalizing this notion to explore the consequences of the huge dimensionality of fitness landscapes that correspond to biological systems.
In contrast to previous theoretical work, which was based largely on numerical simulations, Gavrilets develops simple mathematical models that allow for analytical investigation and clear interpretation in biological terms. Covering controversial topics, including sympatric speciation and the effects of sexual conflict on speciation, this book builds for the first time a general, quantitative theory for the origin of species.
作者简介
Endorsements
"A landmark work. This is the first systematic summary of the mathematical theory of speciation, and Dr. Gavrilets, whose work has changed the field in recent years, is the most qualified person to have written it. There is no comparable book."—Günter Paul Wagner, Yale University
"Undoubtedly a significant contribution. The book will be valuable not only in speciation theory but beyond the theoretical realm, to empirical scientists working on speciation, to evolutionary biologists more broadly, and to mathematicians interested in the applications. The scholarship is excellent, and the logical organization is impeccable."—Roger Butlin, University of Leeds
"This is a book that has been needed for a long time, but it required someone of Sergey Gavrilets's breadth and depth of understanding of both evolutionary biology and mathematical modeling. Gavrilets has already infused evolutionary biology with highly innovative ways of thinking about the structure of natural selection and the dynamics of evolution, using novel mathematical models to probe difficult ideas. Here he analyzes past work critically and adopts a clear viewpoint of his own, complete with a rich set of models that support that viewpoint. He does so in a way that makes the ideas accessible both to empirical evolutionary researchers and applied mathematicians."—John N. Thompson, University of California, Santa Cruz
"This is the first book I have read about speciation that actually presents the topic in an objective way, rather than carrying on the fifty-year tradition of strong opinions without critical evidence. Gavrilets does a splendid job of building all of the models and discussing their implications."—John A. Endler, University of California, Santa Barbara
目录信息
Mathematical symbols xv
Common abbreviations xviii
1 Introduction 1
1.1 General structure of the book 7
1.2 Some biological ideas and notions 9
1.2.1 Species definition and the nature of reproductive isolation 9
1.2.2 Geographic modes of speciation 10
1.2.3 Some speciation scenarios and patterns 14
Part I
Fitness landscapes
2 Fitness landscapes 21
2.1 Working example: one-locus, two-allele model of viability selection 22
2.2 Fitness landscape as fitness of gene combinations 25
2.3 Fitness landscape as the mean fitness of populations 30
2.4 The metaphor of fitness landscapes 33
2.4.1 Wright's rugged fitness landscapes 34
2.4.2 Fisher's single-peak fitness landscapes 36
2.4.3 Kimura's flat fitness landscapes 38
2.5 Fitness landscapes for mating pairs 40
2.6 Fitness landscapes for quantitative traits 41
2.6.1 Fitness landscape as fitness of trait combinations 41
2.6.2 Fitness landscape as the mean fitness of populations 42
2.6.3 Fitness landscapes for mating pairs 45
2.7 General comment on fitness landscapes 46
2.8 Summary 47
2.9 Conclusions 48
Box 2.1. Dynamics of allele frequencies in one-locus, multiallele population 49
Box 2.2. Hill climbing on a rugged fitness landscape 50
Box 2.3. Evolution on flat landscapes 51
3 Steps toward speciation on rugged fitness landscapes 53
3.1 Stochastic transitions between isolated fitness peaks 53
3.1.1 Fixation of an underdominant mutation 54
3.1.2 Peak shift in a quantitative character 60
3.1.3 Fixation of compensatory mutations in a two-locus haploid population 62
3.2 Some consequences of spatial subdivision and density fluctuations 66
3.2.1 Spatial subdivision 66
3.2.2 Stochastic transitions in a growing population 71
3.3 Peak shifts by selection 75
3.4 Summary 76
3.5 Conclusions 77
Box 3.1. Diffusion theory: the probability of fixation 78
Box 3.2. Diffusion theory: the time to fixation 79
Box 3.3. Diffusion theory: the duration of transition 80
4 Nearly neutral networks and holey fitness landscapes 81
4.1 Simple models 82
4.1.1 Russian roulette model in two dimensions 83
4.1.2 Russian roulette model on hypercubes 86
4.1.3 Generalized Russian roulette model 89
4.1.4 Multiplicative fitnesses 90
4.1.5 Stabilizing selection on an additive trait 91
4.1.6 Models based on the Nk-model 92
4.2 Neutral networks in RNA landscapes 95
4.3 Neutral networks in protein landscapes 97
4.4 Other evidence for nearly neutral networks 99
4.5 The metaphor of holey fitness landscapes 100
4.6 Deterministic evolution on a holey landscape 105
4.6.1 Error threshold 105
4.6.2 Genetic canalization 106
4.7 Stochastic evolution on a holey landscape 108
4.7.1 Random walks 108
4.7.2 Dynamics of haploid populations 112
4.8 Summary 113
4.9 Conclusions 114
Part II
The Bateson-Dobzhansky-Muller model
5 Speciation in the BDM model 117
5.1 The BDM model of reproductive isolation 117
5.1.1 Fitness landscapes in the BDM model 119
5.1.2 The mechanisms of reproductive isolation in the BDM model 121
5.2 Population genetics in the BDM model 124
5.2.1 Haploid population 125
5.2.2 Diploid population 128
5.3 Dynamics of speciation in the BDM model 130
5.3.1 Allopatric speciation 131
5.3.2 Parapatric speciation 137
5.4 Summary 143
5.5 Conclusions 145
Box 5.1. Hitting probability and hitting time in discrete-time Markov chains 146
Box 5.2. Genetic barrier to gene flow 147
6 Multidimensional generalizations of the BDM model 149
6.1 One- and two-locus, multiallele models 149
6.2 Multilocus models 151
6.2.1 The Walsh model 152
6.2.2 Divergent degeneration of duplicated genes 154
6.2.3 Three- and four-locus models 155
6.2.4 Accumulation of genetic incompatibilities 158
6.2.5 Allopatric speciation 174
6.2.6 Parapatric speciation 184
6.3 Summary 192
6.4 Conclusions 194
7 Spatial patterns in the BDM model 195
7.1 Individual-based models: spread of mutually incompatible neutral genes 197
7.1.1 Model 197
7.1.2 Parameters 198
7.1.3 Numerical procedure 199
7.1.4 Results 200
7.1.5 Interpretations 205
7.2 Deme-based models: spread of mutually incompatible neutral genes 207
7.2.1 Model 207
7.2.2 Parameters and dynamic characteristics 210
7.2.3 Results 211
7.2.4 Interpretations 219
7.3 Deme-based models: spread of mutually incompatible advantageous genes 221
7.4 Comment on adaptive radiation 228
7.5 Summary 228
7.6 Conclusions 230
Part III
Speciation via the joint action of disruptive natural selection and nonrandom mating
8 Maintenance of genetic variation under disruptive natural selection 233
8.1 Spatially heterogeneous selection 235
8.1.1 The Levene model 235
8.1.2 Two-locus, two-allele haploid version of the Levene model 238
8.1.3 Restricted migration between two niches 240
8.1.4 Spatial gradients in selection 242
8.1.5 Coevolutionary clines 249
8.2 Spatially uniform disruptive selection 251
8.2.1 Migration-selection balance: the Karlin-McGregor model 251
8.2.2 Migration-selection balance: the Bazykin model 252
8.3 Temporal variation in selection 254
8.4 Frequency-dependent selection in a single population 255
8.4.1 Phenomenological approach 256
8.4.2 Intraspecific competition 257
8.4.3 Spatially heterogeneous selection and competition 263
8.4.4 Adaptive dynamics approach 265
8.5 Summary 277
8.6 Conclusions 278
9 Evolution of nonrandom mating 279
9.1 A general framework for modeling nonrandom mating and fertilization 280
9.1.1 Random mating within mating pools joined preferentially 282
9.1.2 Preferential mating within mating pools joined randomly 284
9.2 Similarity-based nonrandom mating 287
9.2.1 Single locus 287
9.2.2 Multiple loci 299
9.2.3 General conclusions on similarity-based nonrandom mating 309
9.3 Matching-based nonrandom mating 309
9.3.1 Two loci 311
9.3.2 Two polygenic characters 321
9.3.3 One locus, one character 325
9.3.4 General conclusions on matching-based nonrandom mating 326
9.4 Nonrandom mating controlled by a culturally transmitted trait 327
9.5 Summary 328
9.6 Conclusions 330
10 Interaction of disruptive selection and nonrandom mating 331
10.1 Disruptive selection and similarity-based nonrandom mating 332
10.1.1 Single locus 333
10.1.2 Single quantitative character 352
10.1.3 Sympatric speciation with culturally transmitted mating preferences 356
10.2 Disruptive selection and matching-based nonrandom mating 359
10.2.1 Two loci 359
10.2.2 Two polygenic characters 364
10.3 "Magic trait" models 368
10.3.1 Single locus 369
10.3.2 Two loci: speciation by sexual conflict 370
10.3.3 Single polygenic character 374
10.3.4 Two polygenic characters: speciation by sexual selection 384
10.4 Disruptive selection and modifiers of mating 387
10.5 Summary 396
10.6 Conclusions 398
11 General conclusions 399
11.1 The structure of fitness landscapes and speciation 399
11.2 Allopatric speciation 401
11.3 Parapatric speciation 401
11.4 Sympatric speciation 403
11.5 Some speciation scenarios and patterns 406
11.6 General rules of evolutionary diversification 412
11.7 Why species? 414
11.8 Some open theoretical questions 416
11.9 Final thoughts 417
References 419
Index 457
· · · · · · (收起)
读后感
用户评价
这本书的封面设计倒是挺吸引人的，那种抽象的、有点迷幻的色彩搭配，让人联想到某种复杂而又充满生机的系统。我其实是对进化生物学和复杂系统理论交叉的领域比较感兴趣，所以看到这个标题，心里就自动脑补了一堆关于种群动态、适应度曲面如何塑造生命多样性的场景。我特别期待作者能用一种既严谨又富有洞察力的方式，去描绘那些在特定环境压力下，生命形式如何一步步“爬升”到适应性高峰的过程。想象一下，一个物种在面对环境变化时，基因突变像随机的探索者，而自然选择则是那个筛选和引导方向的强大力量，最终形成我们今天看到的宏伟的生命图景。我希望它能深入探讨那些“崎岖不平”的适应度景观可能导致的局部最优解陷阱，以及物种如何跨越这些低谷实现飞跃。如果能结合一些精彩的案例研究，比如某种鱼类如何适应了新的水域盐度变化，或者植物的开花时间如何随着气候变暖而调整，那就更完美了。总体而言，我对这本书充满了基于标题的期待，希望能找到那种能让人豁然开朗的理论框架。
我必须承认，这本书在概念的深度上绝对是顶级的。作者对于生物学和物理学交叉领域的理解达到了令人敬佩的程度。特别是在讨论突变率和选择强度对种群演化路径的影响时，它引入了一些我之前从未考虑过的动力学模型。那种对“选择压力”如何塑造遗传漂变边界的精妙分析，让我对随机性和决定性在生命历史中的角色有了全新的认识。它没有简单地将进化视为一条直线，而是将其描绘成一个多维空间中的随机游走和势能驱动的复杂过程。这本书的价值在于，它迫使你跳出传统的、线性的达尔文主义视角，去思考那些隐藏在表象之下的数学规律。当然，这种深度也意味着它可能不适合那些只想了解基本进化论故事的普通读者。它更像是写给那些已经在相关领域有所涉猎，并渴望深入探究底层机制的研究者们的一份高阶读物，需要读者具备一定的数理背景才能充分领会其精髓。
如果从纯粹的阅读体验角度来看，这本书的装帧和纸张质量倒是相当不错，拿在手上很有分量感，适合放在书架上当成一本有品位的学术参考书。然而，内容上，它似乎过度迷恋于理论的抽象构建，而疏忽了与现实世界生态现象的紧密结合。我期待看到更多关于特定物种如何应对急剧环境变化的鲜活故事，而不是仅仅停留在数学符号的推演上。虽然理论模型是必要的，但如果缺乏具体的生物学例证来“锚定”这些概念，它们就很容易变成空中楼阁，让人觉得与实际的生物学研究脱节。比如，在讨论“适应性峰”的稳定性时，如果能穿插一些关于气候变化下物种灭绝风险的讨论，读起来会更加贴近当下的紧迫感。目前看来，这本书更像是一次纯粹的理论思辨之旅，缺乏必要的“接地气”的叙事桥梁。
说实话，这本书的文字组织方式，一开始读起来有点让人摸不着头脑。感觉作者像是把自己脑海里所有的想法都一股脑地倒了出来，有点像一个思维跳跃很快的教授在课堂上自由发挥，信息密度非常高，但结构上似乎缺乏一个清晰的导航图。很多句子都非常长，充满了各种限定词和复杂的从句，初次接触这些概念的读者可能会感到吃力。我得反复阅读好几遍才能真正抓住某个段落的核心论点。比如，它似乎花了很多篇幅去界定“景观”这个概念，从纯粹的数学模型到生态学意义上的表征，试图建立一个极其普适的理论基础，但这种宏大叙事带来的结果就是，具体的例子和可操作性的分析被稀释了。我更偏爱那种能用清晰的逻辑线索牵引读者的叙述方式，这本书目前读起来更像是一场智力上的攀登，需要读者自己去梳理和连接那些零散的宝石。希望读到后面，这些看似散乱的碎片能拼凑出一个令人信服的整体图像。
这本书最让我感到惊喜的地方，在于它对“时间尺度”的独特处理。作者似乎在用一种近乎地质学或宇宙学的宏大视角来审视物种的起源与分化。它不仅仅关注基因频率在代际间的微小变化，而是着眼于跨越数百万年，大规模形态转变是如何发生的“演化转折点”。这种时间维度的拉伸，使得原本看似微不足道的遗传变异，在累积效应下展现出惊人的创造力。我尤其欣赏其中关于“适应性景观的塑造者”的讨论，它暗示了地球物理过程——比如板块构造、火山活动——是如何间接地通过改变环境压力，从而宏观地指导了生命演化的总体方向。这种跨学科的视野，将生物学问题置于更广阔的地球科学背景下进行考察，无疑拓宽了读者的认知边界。尽管阅读过程需要高度专注，但最终获得的那种对生命史诗般的理解，是值得投入精力的。
