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Jiří Levý’s seminal work, The Art of Translation, considered a timeless classic in Translation Studies, is now available in English. Having drawn on adjacent disciplines, the methodology of Czech functional sociosemiotic structuralism and the state-of-the art in the West, Levý synthesized his findings and experience in the field presenting them in a reader-friendly book, which combines the approaches of a theoretician, systemic analyst, historian, critic, teacher, practitioner and populariser. Although focused on literary translation from theoretical, descriptive and historical perspectives, it presents a conceptualization of a general theory, addressing a number of issues discussed today. The ‘practical’ mission of the book as a theory extending to practice is based on the same historical-dialectic affinity of methods, norms, functions and values, accounting for the translator’s agency and other contextual agents involved in the communication process. The book will be useful to translators, researchers, students and teachers in Translation and Literary Studies.

Introduction to the second edition (1983) ix
Editor’s introduction to the English edition xv
Translator’s introduction to the English edition xxvii
part i
chapter 1
Translation theory: The state of the art 3
1.1 An overview 3
1.2 General and specialised theories 7
1.3 Linguistic methodology 9
1.4 Literary methodology 13
chapter 2
Translation as a process 23
2.1 The genesis of a literary work and of its translation 23
2.2 The three stages of the translator’s work 31
2.2.1 Apprehension 31
2.2.2 Interpretation 38
2.2.3 Re-stylisation 47
chapter 3
Translation aesthetics 57
3.1 Creative production 57
3.1.1 Translation as an art form 57
3.1.2 The dual norm in translation 60
3.1.3 The hybrid nature of translation 67
3.1.4 The ambivalent relationship with the original literature 69
3.2 The translator’s linguistic and literary creativity 73
3.2.1 The ‘classic’ translation 73
3.2.2 Translation tradition 75
3.2.3 Linguistic creativity 80
3.3 Fidelity in reproduction 83
3.3.1 Translation procedures 83
3.3.2 Cultural and historical specificity 89
3.3.3 The whole and its parts 99
chapter 4
On the poetics of translation 107
4.1 Artistic and ‘translation’ styles 107
4.1.1 Lexical choices 107
4.1.2 The idea and its expression 114
4.2 Translating book titles 122
chapter 5
Drama translation 129
5.1 Speakability and intelligibility 129
5.2 Stylisation of theatrical discourse 134
5.3 Semantic contexts 140
5.4 Verbal action 148
5.5 Dialogue and characters 156
5.6 The principle of selective accuracy 162
chapter 6
Translation in literary studies 167
6.1 Mapping the history of translation practice 167
6.2 Translation analysis 169
6.3 Translation in national cultures and world literature 180
part ii
chapter 1 Original verse and translated verse 189
1.1 Verse and prose 189
1.2 Rhymed and unrhymed verse 190
1.3 Semantic density 196
1.4 The verse of the source and the translator’s verse 199
1.5 The original metre 202
chapter 2 Translating from non-cognate versification systems 205
2.1 Quantitative verse 205
2.2 Syllabic verse 210
2.3 Accentual verse 214
chapter 3 Translating from cognate versification systems 217
3.1 Rhythm 217
3.1.1 Two types of rhythm 217
3.1.2 Freed verse 222
3.1.3 The tempo of the dactyl 228
3.1.4 Accentual-syllabic versification 230
3.2 Rhyme 232
3.2.1 Rhyming vocabulary 232
3.2.2 Masculine and feminine rhyme 238
3.2.3 Rich rhyme 241
3.2.4 Imperfect and decanonised rhyme 249
3.2.4.1 Rhyming conventions and language 249
3.2.4.2 Consonance and assonance 251
3.2.4.3 Decanonised rhyme 259
3.3 Euphony 268
chapter 4 Notes on the comparative morphology of verse 275
4.1 Blank verse 275
4.2 The alexandrine 284
4.3 Free verse 289
chapter 5 Integrating style and thought 299
References 301
Index 311
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