Democracy in America pdf epub mobi txt 电子书 下载 2026

This title includes text in English & French. In 1831, Alexis de Tocqueville and his friend Gustave de Beaumont visited the United States on behalf of the French government to study American prisons. In their nine months in the U.S. they studied not just the prison system but every aspect of American life, public and private - the political, economic, religious, cultural, and above all social life of the young nation. From Tocqueville's copious notes of what he had seen and heard came the classic text "De la Democratie en Amerique", published in two large volumes, the first in 1835, the second in 1840. The first volume focused primarily on political society; the second, on civil society. Tocqueville's account of the travels and adventures of the two Frenchmen aimed to get down the truth about America, not only to praise the new country's strengths but also to critique its shortcomings when these were all too evident to outside eyes. For Tocqueville, virtually every aspect of the new republic was fascinating: the laws and the customs, the manners and the mores of a people so very different from the populations of the kingdoms of Europe. He was particularly interested in the success of democracy in America, specifically of republican representative democracy, which seemed to have failed elsewhere, most conspicuously in revolutionary France. Perhaps because Tocqueville, an aristocrat, was by no means sympathetic to 'pure' democracy, which seemed tainted by its associations with the Terror of the French Revolution, he examined American democracy with a thoroughness such as had never been seen before, and seldom if ever since. Tocqueville considered the tendency of democracy to degenerate into either the tyranny of the majority or what he called soft despotism, a sovereign power that 'extends its arms over the entire society; it covers the surface of society with a network of small, complicated, minute, and uniform rules...it does not tyrannise, it hinders, it represses, it enervates, it extinguishes, it stupifies, and finally it reduces each nation to being nothing more than a flock of timid and industrious animals, of which the government is the shepherd'. Tocqueville noted that religion played a leading role in American life in the 1830s, due to its being constitutionally separated from government. Far from objecting to this situation, he observed that Americans found this dis-establishment quite satisfactory, in contrast to France, with its outright antagonism between avowedly religious people and supporters of democracy. "The Liberty Fund Bilingual Democracy in America" includes Eduardo Nolla's critical edition of the French text and notes on the lefthand pages and James Schleifer's English translation on the right. This is the fullest critical edition of the Democracy, and the notes offer an extensive selection of early outlines, drafts, manuscript variants, marginalia, unpublished fragments, and other materials. From the foreword to the French edition: 'This new Democracy is not only the one that Tocqueville presented to the reader of 1835, then to the reader of 1840. It is enlarged, amplified by a body of texts...the reader will see how Tocqueville proceeded with the elaboration of the main ideas of his book'.

托克维尔(1805-1859)，法国历史学家、社会学家。主要代表作有《论美国的民主》第一卷(1835)、《论美国的民主》第二卷(1840年)、《旧制度与大革命〉。《论美国的民主》使他享有世界声誉。其上卷的第一部分讲述美国的政治制度，第二部分对美国的民主进行社会学的分析。下卷分四个部分，以美国为背景发挥其政治哲学和政治社会学思想。出身贵族世家，经历过五个“朝代”(法兰西第一帝国、波旁复辟王朝、七月王朝、法兰西第二共和国、法兰西第二帝国)。前期热心于政治，1838年出任众议院议员，1848年二月革命后参与制订第二共和国宪法，1849年一度出任外交部长。1851年路易·波拿巴建立第二帝国，托克维尔对政治日益失望，从政治舞台上逐渐淡出，并逐渐认识到自己“擅长思想胜于行动”。《托克维尔回忆录》是一本关于1848年法国二月革命的回忆录，对其间许多人物(比如路易·菲力浦、路易·拿破仑、阿道夫·梯也尔、路易·勃朗等)的评述十分尖锐，用语几近刻薄。可能由于这个原因，该书在作者死后34年(1893年)才首次出版。