TABLE OF CONTENTS
Preface ..................................................................vii
INTRODUCTION
Chapter I: KNOWLEDGE, ACTION, AND EVALUATION
1. To know is to apprehend the future as qualified by values
which action may realize ____._______.__.__________._____.......__.________.__. 3
2. The meaning of 'action' ....______.__________....__.._______...__..__.....__....... 5
3. The meaning of 'knowledge' ____...____.______...______..____....__.__........ 9
4. Knowledge and meaning ______.__.....__________.........__._____.________.___.... 11
5. Only an active being could have knowledge ........______..........__ 16
6. Empirical knowledge predicts experience as consequence
of action ..... _.... ... . ..... ..... _ ..... _ ...... ... . ............ .... .. _. .. _ ... _. 21
Chapter II: KNOWLEDGE, EXPERIENCE, AND MEANING
1. The two types of knowledge ________._________________________________ .____.... 24
2. Usual requirements of knowledge ....__..____..___..______.__.......__..... 27
3. Three types of apprehension __...____...._________......_..____________...__.. 29
BOOK I
MEANING AND ANALYTIC TRUTH
Chapter III: THE MODES OF l1EANING
1. The a priori and the analytic .....__................__.........__..__..__...... 35
2. Summary of theses in Book I __...........................__.........__.__... 36
3. The four modes of the meaning of terms ....__............__......__ 38
4. The meaning of propositions and statements .......__...__.....__. 48
5. Modes of propositional meaning ___._________._______.________ 55
6. Propositional functions and statement functions ___.____________ 58
7. Intensional meaning and extensional meaning ______________...__. 65
Chapter IV: MEANING AND LANGUAGE
1. Broader aspects of meaning ___..__..__..__..____.....__..__.__.________________ 71
2. Symbols and expressions __.... __.__._________.__. 73
3. Elementary and conlplex expressions ..___________...._____..__ 78
4. All words have meaning ....--..__-_..___________________..__ 79
5. Analytic meaning .._ .--....-..________.__.._ ______ -- .__.___. 83
6. Synonymous expressions ________...___..__...... 85
7. Holophrastic meaning and analytic meaning ____._______._____.. 87
8. Implicitly analytic and explicitly analytic statements ..____.__. 89
9. Analytic statements impose no restrictions on the actual _.. 93
Chapter V: DEFINITIONS, FORMAL STATEMENTS, AND LOGIC
1. The conventionalist view _______.______________________... 96
2. Types of definitive statenlent ____..___...._____.______.__...______ 97
3. Symbolic conventions, dictionary definitions, and explicative statements _ _ _ _ - - _ _ _ _ _ _ 99
4. Quoted constituents in expressions ______________101
5. Figurative expressions and literal equivalents ____ _________102
6. The three senses of 'definition' ______..____________.___105
7. Equivalence by convention and equivalence of meaning ____107
8. Definitions and formal rules _.....__..__________....____..______..111
9 . Formal statements .....______.____..__.._.. ...... .....__...113
10. Formal statements and logic .....__......___.........__..........115
11. A simple example __._.._..........................._............116
12. A second example ..............................__...._.........119
13. All truths of logic are analytic formal statements ..............122
14. Not all analytic statements belong to logic ......................_.....124
Chapter VI: LINGUISTIC MEANING AND SENSE MEANING
1. Two aspects of intensional meaning ...............__........... .........131
2. Requirements of sense meaning .....................__............. ..........134
3. Sense meaning as criterion of application ...................._.._......136
4. Meaning as linguistically determined ..........._..........__.........__.138
5. Linguistic meaning and the analytic ..._...........___..._............____140
6. Linguistic meaning and communication_____..__________.____.._.......143
7. The priority of sense meaning ........___........_.._____....____.__..._.._...14S
8. Linguistic conventions .___..________........____...149
9. Sense meaning and the analytic __...._____.____..__..__.._...____..151
10. Analytic truth as relations of criteria _______.......__..__....._ .____..152
11. Entailment and incompatibility amongst sense-recognizable
characters _____ _.. _. _.. ._____. _ .____ __._ ____ __ _.____ ___ __ _ ____.___ _____.154
12. Three factors in determining analytic truth ._..___....___.....155
13. The question of the synthetic a priori _____..........._..___....._158
14. The analytic and the formally derivable ........_.______.....163
BOOK II
EMPIRICAL KNOWLEDGE
Chapter VII: THE BASES OF EMPIRICAL KNOWLEDGE
1. Enlpirical truth can be known only through presentations
of sense ._... __ _. __ _. _. _.171
2. Knowledge by direct perception .____.........._______. ..____....172
3. The implications of an objective empirical belief........_.......175
4. Expressive language _.__________.__...._...___.--.....___....._____..178
s. Three classes of empirical statements ____...._..___.. ..........__...._.182
6. Presentational certainties and objective probabilities ._.......185
7. The given and its interpretation ____....__..__.......___.._...__.._........_188
8. Confirmations of non-terminating judgments __....__....___...l90
9. The operational conception of meaning _______.__..________....__..._.195
10. Knowledge of the past __..__..___.._________u______ ......_..197
11. Pragmatism and ubjectivism _..______..__....______....__....__200
Chapter VIII: TERMINATING JUDGMENTS AND OBJECTIVE BELIEFS
1. The general character of terminating judgments ......_.....___,,203
2. Terminating judgments are hypothetical __. ..--..___ __.... ___-.... _.205
3. Terminating judgments and alternatives of action....__....__..207
4. The 'if-then' relation in terminating judgments _______......._.211
5. This relation is not that of strict inlplication ____.._......_...____.212
6. This relation is not that of material implication .._...__________213
7. This relation is not that of formal implication __________________217
8. The implicit generality of terminating judgments ____________219
9. Terminating judgments and contrary-to-fact hypotheses ____220
10. Terminatingudgnlents and the independence of the real .......223
11. Terminating judgments and 'real connections' ___________.........226
12. Further problems _ _ .. _ _ .. _ _ _ _ .. .. _ .. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . _ _ _ _ _ 230
13. Objective beliefs are not decisively falsifiable _________________.233
14. Confirmation and disconfirmatin of objective beliefs _______235
15. Supposed further conditions of the test of truth ________________242
16. Objective beliefs are probable only _____246
17. Summary with respect to critical points _________.______247
Chapter IX: THE JUSTIFICATION OF EMPIRICAL BELIEFS
1. Verification and justification _____._ ______ ___________ ___ _254
2 . Justification and foresight __..______ __ __ __ __ ___256
3 . Credibility and truth __ ___ __ ____ __ __ __ ____ ____ __ __ __ __ _257
4. Empirical knowledge is unverified ___________________258
5. Past experience and validity ____._ _______________._259
6. The complexity of empirical knowledge _________________.261
7. Inference from particulars to particulars ____......._______...262
8. Two further considerations _____._ .____ ...___._________263
Chapter X: PROBABILITY
1. Probability and induction __ ________ ___________265
2. Theories of the a priori type _______.. ______. __ _ ____ __266
3. Theories of the empirical type ________________________269
4. Fundamental requirements of an empirical theory ___________276
5. Basic differences of the two types of theory _______________279
6. Difficulties of the empirical type of theory ____....____..282
7. A probability is a valid estimate of a frequency __.._________..__290
8. Reliability of a probability determination ______________.292
9. Three factors of reliability ____________________________298
10. Summary statement _______..__.. __303
11. The Principle of Indifference _______________._____.._____306
Chapter XI: PROBABLE KNOWLEDGE, AND THE VALIDITY OF
MEMORY
1. Justified belief is belief which is probable __.....__....___...........315
2. Empirical knowledge as belief in what is probable ______ ________.316
3. Can such belief have grounds which are sufficient? ..__........325
4. The problem of the validation of memory ...__.__................__..327
5. The epistemological present .....__........... ....___... __.__ ................__.328
6. The threatened regressus of beliefs ...._.______......__.....__......__.....332
7. Coherence and congruence __.... ....__...... ________ ......__338
8. Congruence and the logic of induction ________ ___....343
9. Congruence by itself is not sufficient to validate belief____..349
10. Congruence and memory __.__..__.. -________.__ ..-___....353
11. 'Deductiqn' of the basic validity of memory and of in duction .. _ _ _ _ . _ _ _ _ _ _ . .. _ 356
BOOK III
VALUATION
Chapter XII: KNOWING, DOING, AND VALUING
1. Valuations are a forn of ernpirical knowledge ______.. ___......365
2. Action and valuation _..____.. ____________.__ _ ____366
3. Practical justification of action _______.. _.._..__ __370
4. The cognitive content of valuations ___.....__.____.. .____..371
5. Types of value-apprehension ____ _____..__ _ __._____373
6. A priori value-predications are not valuations _.__....__....__......378
7. Objective value and immediate value ___________.._____________380
8. Intrinsic value, instrumental value, and utility __.__..382
9. Values in objects are extrinsic __.______ _________388
10. Inherent values __._ ___. _____ __ __ __.. _____ __ .390
11. Summary as to terminology ______.___--_____.__________--...._392
12. Further explanatory remarks ________ ____ _ _._______ _____393
Chapter XIII: THE IMMEDIATELY VALUABLE
1. Values immediately realized are intrinsic _______________397
2. Naturalism in value-theory ______ ____________ _______398
3. The problem of characterizing the immediately valuable ....400
4. Value-disvalue as a mode of presentation ...........................401
5. 'Pleasure' a poor name for the immediately valuable ..........403
6. Is value in direct experience subjective? .....__.__.__..____........__406
7. Imnlediate value as a quality of appearance ........__........406
8. All value in objects is extrinsic __............................._.....__......411
9. Value in objects is potentiality for some realization of value in immediate experlence ...........__......413
10. Subjectivity of value as relativity to what is personal ...........414
11. Are value-qualities more subjective than sense qualities? _.._418
12. Subjective value-apprehension and error in value-judgment . _ 419
13. Immediate value as attaching to presentation ..._.__....._424
14. Immediate value as affected by the context of the presentation ...................._......_....................._....................___-__..__......425
15. An example .....__.__..._..._.._...___.._..___. ...._....427
Chapter XIV: INHERENT VALUE AND THE ESTHETIC
1. Intrinsic value and inherent value ..._..............._.........._...........432
2. Esthetic values are a subclass of inherent values ___.....__....434
3. The active, the cognitive, and the esthetic attitudes............437
4. The broad meaning of 'esthetic' .................................... ._........444
5. The narrower meaning of 'esthetic' ...._.................................446
6. Interests subsidiary to the esthetic ____....____...______..______450
7. Esthetic values and values found in activity ________________453
Chapter XV: ESTHETIC JUDGMENT
1. Esthetic judgment concerns a property of objects .....___..457
2. Comparative evaluations of the esthetic in experience ........462
3. The esthetic character of experience may be judged ..._.__...__464
4. Esthetics and esthetic theory __...__. ___........... ................ ..466
5. Types of esthetic objects ........_.._ ___ ..............__.... __ ._....469
6. The esthetic actuality and its context __.._.._____........__............472
7. The variety of things esthetically valued _............._................476
Chapter XVI: THE MORAL SENSE AND CONTRIBUTORY VALUES
1. Vatue-effects of one experience upon another ....................479
2. The imperative of rationality and the good life ............__......480
3. Values contributory to the good life ........__.....__.................486
4. Critique of the Benthamite calculus of values __..__....__..---...488
5. Value in experiential wholes _____________............495
6. The consummatory character of value in an active life__....497
7. An implication for our relation to others __......__........__..........500
8. A life to be found good in the living of it ................ ...........503
9. Synthetic apprehension of value in experiential wholes ......505
10. Difficulties of such appraisals of value ......__........._................507
11. Practical simplifications of the problem ____.......__..____............509
Chapter XVII: VALUE IN OBJECTS
1. Various modes of predicating value to objects ..........__....511
2. Value as simple potentiality __.__..................._................. ..........512
3. Value as relative to actual conditions ..........__..................516
4. Value relative to persons _________________.__.____..__521
5. Absolute value and comparative value ....................__.........524
6. Relative value and ethics ..............__..__............__.............529
7. Value as relative to humans in general __.....____....___.........__.531
8. Bare utility and instrumental value .............................533
9. Value-significance of names .......................................... .........534
10. Values as relative to control __.........__....__..__.......................537
11. Distinctive modes of evaluation ..........__......__.................539
12. Social value .......... ......... .... ....... ........... ... .......... ........541
13. The assessment of social values __..........__....__......... .........543
14. Social values and ethics ..............__.......__...................551
INDEX .................................................................................557
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