The issue of nuclear disarmament is firmly back on the international agenda. But almost all current thinking on the subject is focused on the process of reducing the number of nuclear weapons from thousands to hundreds. In "Taking Disarmament Seriously", James Acton and George Perkovich examine the challenges that exist to abolishing nuclear weapons completely, and suggest what can be done now to start overcoming them. This wide-ranging survey begins by looking at the challenge of verifying the transition to zero. It then moves on to examining how the civilian nuclear industry could be managed in a nuclear-weapon free world in such a way as to avoid rearmament.The paper then discusses the challenges of creating a robust international security architecture that is capable both of enforcing a prohibition against nuclear weapons and of giving states confidence that they can protect their vital interests without the bomb. It examines these issues from Indian, Israeli and Pakistani points of view, as well as from the perspective of the five recognised nuclear-weapons states. Finally, the paper examines the latent capability to produce nuclear weapons that would inevitably exist after abolition, and asks whether this is a barrier to disarmament, or whether it can be managed to meet the security needs of a world newly free of the bomb.