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Schoolyards have come a long way from the barren playgrounds that many people remember. Today's school campuses often feature gardens in which students can learn about native plants and wildlife, grow vegetables and fruit, explore cultural traditions, practice reading and math skills, and use their imaginations to create fun play spaces. And for a growing number of urban students, these schoolyard gardens offer the best, if not the only, opportunity to experience the natural world firsthand and enjoy its many benefits. This book is a practical, hands-on guide for creating a variety of learning environments in the arid Southwest.

Preface, xi | Acknowledgments, xiii
Kim Duffek: Introduction
About This Book, xv
Making Outdoor Classrooms a Reality, xv
The Need for Wildlife Habitat and Native Gardens, xvi
Bioregions of the Arid Southwest, xvi
Chapter 1 : Schoolyards
The Schoolyard as an Outdoor Classroom, 1
Overview of Schoolyard Environments, 2
Introduction, 2
History of Playground Design with Applications
for Contemporary Playground Design, 2
Nature and Play, 6
Adult Memories of Valued Play Places, 8
Implications for Design, 9
Learning and the Natural Outdoor Classroom, 10
Schoolyard Garden Types, 14
Art Gardens, 14
Cultural History Gardens, 16
Ecological Gardens, 17
Literacy Gardens, 18
Vegetable Gardens, 20
Chapter 2 : Design Theory
Introduction, 23
History of Garden Styles, 23
Prehistoric “Gardens” (20,000–3300 BC), 24
Ancient Egyptian Gardens (3300–500 BC), 24
Ancient Mesopotamian (3500–538 BC), Sumerian (3500–900 BC),
Assyrian (900–625 BC), and Neo-Babylonian (611–538 BC) Gardens, 25
Ancient Persian Gardens (539–331 BC), 26
Ancient Greek Gardens (700–136 BC), 26
Ancient Roman Gardens (510 BC–AD 476), 27
Ancient Chinese Gardens (1600 BC–AD 1279), 27
Japanese Gardens (AD 575–1600), 28
Medieval European Gardens (AD 476–1350), 29
Islamic (Moorish) Gardens, Spain (AD 700s–1400s), 30
Italian Renaissance Gardens (AD 1350–1765), 31
French Grand-Style Gardens (AD 1495–1750), 32
English Romantic Gardens (AD 1715–1840), 32
Spanish Colonial Gardens (AD 1492–mid-1700s), 33
Colonial and Early American Gardens (AD 1630–1840), 34
American Romantic Gardens (AD 1830–1930), 35
Victorian Gardens (AD 1820–1900), 36
Classical Beaux-Arts Gardens (AD 1893–1930), 37
Modern Gardens (AD 1930–late 1970s), 38
Postmodern and Contemporary Gardens (AD mid-1970s–present), 39
Design Fundamentals, 40
Design Principles, 40
Design Elements, 43
Chapter 3 : Beginning the Design Process
Introduction, 45
A Design Process for Planning Outdoor Classrooms, Wildlife Habitats,
and Gardens, 47
Identify Participants, 47
Write a Design Program, 50
Conclusion, 71
Chapter 4: Site Research and Design Synthesis
Review and Evaluate Previous Steps, 73
Site Research, 73
Site Selection, 73
Site Inventory, 74
Site Analysis, 77
Design Synthesis, 86
Conceptual Design, 87
Zones, Spaces, Design Features, and Spatial Sequencing, 87
Circulation Patterns, 87
Testing Design Concepts, 88
Preliminary Design, 93
Final Design, 96
Chapter 5 : Design Essentials
Introduction, 99
Project Funding, 99
Grants and Cash Donations, 100
In-kind Donations, 100
Organization of the Fund-raising Process, 101
Design Features, 101
Earthworks, 102
Ponds, 102
Plants, 104
Shade Structures, 108
Storage Areas, 110
Pathways, 110
Seating, 112
Walls, 113
Signs, 114
Maintenance, 115
Weeding, 115
Fertilization, 115
Pruning, 116
Bird Feeders and Bird Baths, 116
Accessibility, 116
Requirements, 116
Safety, 117
Project Evaluation and Revision, 117
Outdoor Classroom and Schoolyard Habitat Assessment Criteria, 119
Chapter 6: Ecological Principles and Wildlife by Kim Duffek
Introduction to Wildlife Ecology, 123
Elements for Survival, 125
Food Resources, 125
Water Availability, 126
Providing Shelter, 128
Space to Survive, 129
Pollinator Gardens and Wild Visitors, 130
Introduction, 130
Hummingbird Gardens, 131
Butterfly Gardens, 133
Bee Gardens, 134
Moth Gardens, 135
Bat Gardens, 136
Fly Gardens, 137
Wildlife Gardens, 138
Completing the Web, 139
Pest Control, 139
Decomposition, 141
Unwanted Visitors, 141
Seeds for Thought, 142
Words of Inspiration, 144
Appendix: Regional Plant Tables by Kim Duffek, 145
References and Additional Reading, 179
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