SUMMARY 1
1 OVERVIEW 7
Six Scientific Challenges for the Next Decade, 8
How Do Complex Phenomena Emerge from Simple Ingredients?, 8
How Will the Energy Demands of Future Generations Be Met?, 10
What Is the Physics of Life?, 12
What Happens Far from Equilibrium and Why?, 14
What New Discoveries Await Us in the Nanoworld?, 17
How Will the Information Technology Revolution Be Extended?, 18
Societal and Scientific Impact of CMMP Research, 20
Industrial Research, 23
Structure and Level of the Current Research Effort, 24
Tools, Instrumentation, and Facilities for CMMP Research, 26
Concluding Comments, 28
2 HOW DO COMPLEX PHENOMENA EMERGE FROM SIMPLE 30
INGREDIENTS?
Emergent Phenomena: Beautiful and Useful, 30
Superconductivity: An Illustrative Example and a Frontier of Research, 32
Fermi Liquids and Non-Fermi Liquids, 36
Quantum Hall Systems and the Discovery of New Quantum
States of Matter, 41
Critical Phenomena and Universality, 45
Emergence in Ultracold Atomic Gases, 47
Emergence in Classical Condensed-Matter Systems, 48
Realizing the Full Potential of Emergence, 51
Conclusions, 52
3 HOW WILL THE ENERGY DEMANDS OF FUTURE GENERATIONS 53
BE MET?
Setting the Context, 54
Energy Conversion, 56
Solar Cells, 56
Hydrogen Generation by Photocatalysis, 57
Fuel Cells, 58
Thermoelectrics, 59
Biofuels, 60
Nuclear Energy Conversion, 61
Energy Storage, 62
Batteries, 62
Hydrogen Storage, 63
Supercapacitors, 64
End-Use Energy Efficiency, 64
Solid-State Lighting, 65
Smart Windows, 67
Other Energy Conservation Opportunities, 68
Conclusions, 69
4 WHAT IS THE PHYSICS OF LIFE? 70
Overview, 70
An Introductory Example: High Fidelity with Single Molecules, 71
Organizing Our Thoughts and Opportunities, 74
Noise Is Not Negligible, 75
Molecule Counting in Chemotaxis, 75
Noise in the Regulation of Gene Expression, 78
Signals and Noise in the Brain, 82
Fine-Tuning Versus Robustness, 83
Protein Folding and the Space of Sequences, 84
Ion Channels and the Computational Function of Neurons, 85
Adaptation, 87
Fulfilling the Promise, 90
5 WHAT HAPPENS FAR FROM EQUILIBRIUM AND WHY? 91
The Importance of Far-from-Equilibrium Phenomena, 91
Key Themes Defining the Scope of the Challenge, 93
What CMMP Brings to the Table, 94
How Do Systems Reach the Far-from-Equilibrium Regime and
What Makes Far-from-Equilibrium Physics Difficult?, 95
Far-from-Equilibrium Materials, 97
Far-from-Equilibrium Processing and Assembly, 98
What Determines Behavior Far from Equilibrium?, 99
Systems with Hydrodynamic Equations of Motion, 100
Turbulence and Fracture, 102
Singularities, 103
Robustness as a Design Principle, 104
Predictability and Control: What Can We Learn from
Fluctuations?, 106
Formal Theoretical Developments, 107
Getting (Un-)Stuck: Jammed States and Jamming Transitions, 107
The Next Decade, 110
6 WHAT NEW DISCOVERIES AWAIT US IN THE NANOWORLD? 111
Why Nano?, 111
Nanoscale Structures: How Do We Build Them?, 113
Patterning at the Nanoscale: Lithography and Self-Assembly, 114
Controlling Growth at the Nanoscale, 116
Molecular and Biological Building Blocks, 116
Studying Nanostructure Building Blocks: The Atomic Physics of
Nanoscience, 118
Quantum Manipulation, 119
Controlling Light: Nano-Optics, 120
Probing Molecular Machines, 121
Combining Different Properties, 122
Assembling the Blocks: The Condensed-Matter Physics of
Nanoscience, 122
Ordered Arrays, 122
Arbitrary Structures, 124
Small Probes and Big Ideas: Critical Needs for a Nano Future, 124
Better Eyes, 125
Improved Sensing, 126
A Greater Understanding, 126
7 HOW WILL THE INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY REVOLUTION 127
BE EXTENDED?
The Road Ahead, 127
New Devices for Mass Storage of Information, 134
New Solid-State Memory Devices, 134
New Devices for Processing Information,136
Quantum Computing, 140
Conclusions, 141
8 THE IMPACT OF CONDENSED-MATTER AND MATERIALS 144
PHYSICS RESEARCH
Impact on Society, 144
Education, 144
The Economy, 147
Energy, 149
Medicine and Health Care, 151
Impact on Other Scientific Disciplines, 152
Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics, 152
Nuclear and High-Energy Physics, 156
Astronomy, 157
Chemistry, 159
Biology, 160
Information Technology and Computer Science, 162
Interdisciplinary Research in CMMP, 163
Recommendations, 164
9 INDUSTRIAL LABORATORIES AND RESEARCH IN CONDENSED- 165
MATTER AND MATERIALS PHYSICS
History of Industrial Research Laboratories, 165
Filling the Gap: New Approaches to Long-Term Research, 167
Conclusions, 170
Recommendation, 171
10 STRUCTURE AND LEVEL OF THE CURRENT RESEARCH EFFORT 172
Federal Funding for CMMP Research, 172
Funding Success Rates, 177
Grant Sizes, 180
International Data, 180
Demographics of CMMP, 180
Women and Underrepresented Minorities in CMMP, 183
Doctoral Degrees in Physics by Citizenship, 186
Publication Trends, 187
Recommendations, 191
11 TOOLS, INSTRUMENTATION, AND FACILITIES FOR 193
CONDENSED-MATTER AND MATERIALS PHYSICS RESEARCH
Tools and Instrumentation for CMMP Research, 194
Instrumentation in CMMP Research, 195
Computation in CMMP Research, 198
Centers and Facilities in CMMP Research, 203
Scientific User Facilities for CMMP Research, 207
Light Sources, 208
Neutron Sources, 216
Electron Microscopy, 222
High-Magnetic-Field Facilities, 228
Nanocenters and Materials Synthesis, 231
Large-Scale High-Performance Computing Facilities, 235
Conclusions, 238
CONCLUDING REMARKS 239
APPENDIXES
A Statement of Task 243
B Agendas of Committee Meetings 245
C Agenda and Participants at Facilities Workshop 250
D Biographies of Committee Members 255
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