Ninety-three, the last of Victor Hugo's novels, is regarded by many -- including such diverse critics as Robert Louis Stevenson and Andre Maurois -- as his greatest work. 1793, Year Two of the Republic, saw the establishment of the National Convention, the execution of Louis XVI, the Terror, and the monarchist revolt in the Vendee, brutally suppressed by the Republic. Hugo's epic follows three protagonists through this tumultuous year: the noble royalist de Lantenac; Gauvain, who embodies a benevolent and romantic vision of the Republic; and Cimourdain, whose principles are altogether more robespierrean. The conflict of values culminates in a dramatic climax on the scaffold. Following a distinguished career as a civil servant, James Hogarth acquired a reputation as a versatile and punctilious translator. His translations span travel guides, archaeological texts, and novels. In 2002 he won the French-American Foundation Translation Prize for his English translation of Victor Hugo's Travailleurs de la Mer. He died in 2006.

雨果，19世纪法国浪漫主义代表作家。1802年生于法国白桑松，上有兄长二人。父亲为拿破仑麾下大将。少年时期家庭因父亲职业而追随军旅迁徙各处，虽然家庭环境困难，仍然持续接受教育。

13岁时与兄长进入寄读学校就学，兄弟均成为学生领袖。雨果在16岁时已能创作杰出的诗句，21岁时出版诗集，声名大噪。

43岁时法王路易·菲利普绶予上议院议员职位，自此专心从政。

1849年法国大革命爆发，法王路易被处死刑。雨果于此时期四出奔走鼓吹革命，为人民贡献良多，赢得新共和政体的尊敬，晋封伯爵，并当选国民代表及国会议员。三年后，拿破仑第三称帝，雨果对此大加攻击，因此被放逐国外。

此后20年间各处漂泊，此时期完成小说《悲惨世界》（Les Miserables），同名音乐剧即依此小说改编而成。

1870年法国恢复共和政体（第二共和），雨果亦结束流亡生涯，回到法国。无论政治或文学，均有贡献。

1885年，雨果以83岁高龄辞世，于潘德拉举行国葬。