The Guinness Book of Records, 1993 pdf epub mobi txt 電子書 下載 2024


The Guinness Book of Records, 1993

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The Guinness Book of Records, 1993 epub 下載 mobi 下載 pdf 下載 txt 電子書 下載 2024

The Guinness Book of Records, 1993 epub 下載 mobi 下載 pdf 下載 txt 電子書 下載 2024

The Guinness Book of Records, 1993 pdf epub mobi txt 電子書 下載 2024



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THE<br >F-<br >mo~d luminous object iI~ the ~kv the city is 60,4(10mpb faster than this nhumhmees of heavy elements wherea~<br >qut~sm" 118 1941~ -~ 71;58, wlfich is at least average, ret~ching 552,400 mph. later generation stars (such as m,r own<br > Sun) have higher heavy element abun-<br >1.5 ~ 10" times more luminous than the Largest, heaviest and moat lumi- dances because of a build-up of such<br >Sun, was announced in July 1991 follow- nolle The largest star is the M-class elements in galaxies from the successive<br >ing the Hamburg Survey of northern supergiant Betelgeux (Alpha Orionis<br >quasars. This quasar has a red shift of the top left star of Orion), which is 310 explosions of supernova stars.<br >3.02 and is therefore at a distance of light years distant. It has a diameter of Pulsars The earliest observation of a<br >12,400million light years (7.3 x 10~ 400 million miles, which is about 500 pulsating radio source, or "pulsar," CP<br >milem), times greater than that of the Sun. In 1919 (now PSR 1919 + 21), by Dr docelyn<br >The first double quasar (0957 + 561) 1978 it was found to be surrounded not Burnell (nee Bell, b. 1943) was<br >among well over 2000 known quasars onlybyadust"shell"butalsobyanouter announced from the Mullard Radio<br >was announced in May 1980. tenuous gas halo up to 5.3 ~ 10~ miles Astronomy Observatory, Cambridge-<br > in diameter or over 1,100 times the dia- shire, Great Britain on 24 Feb 1968. It<br >The most violent outburst observed in a meter of the star. had been detected on 28 Nov 1907.<br >quasar was recorded on 13 Nov 1989 by a<br >joint US~Japanese team which noted The heaviest star is the variable Eta For pulsars whose spin rates have been<br >that the energy output of the quasar Carinae, 9,100 light years distant in the accurately measured, the fastest-<br >pKS 0558-504 (which is about 2 billion Carinae Nebula, with a mass 200 times spinning is PSR 1937 + 214, which was<br >light years distant) increased by two* greater than that of our own Sun. If all discovered by a group led by Donald C.<br >thirds in three minutes, equivalent to the tars could be viewed at the same Backer in November 1982. It is in the<br >the total energy released by the Sun in distance it would also be the most lumi- minor constellation Vulpecula (the<br >340,000 years, nous star, with a total luminosity Little Fox), 16,000 light years (9.4 ~<br > 6,500,000 times that of the Sun. How- 10~niles) distant, and has a pulse<br >STARS ever, the visually brightest star viewed period of 1.557806449 millisee, which is<br >The first direct measurement of the dis- through a telescope is the hypergiant equivalent to a spin rate of 541.9282573<br >tuner of a star was made in 1838 when Cygnus OB2 No. 12, which is 5,900 light revolutions per sec. However, the pulsar<br >Friedrich W. Bassel (1784-1846) of the years distant. It has an absolute visual that has the slowest spin-down rate, and<br >KSnigsberg Observatory, Germany used magnitude of - 9.9 and is therefore visu- is therefore the most. accurate stellar<br > ally810,000timesbrighterthantheSun, clock is PSR 1855 + 09 (discovered in<br >the parallax method to measure the This brightness may be matched by the December 1985) at only 2.1 ~ 10 z~ sec<br >distance ofS1 Cygni to be about six light supergiant IV b 59 in the nearby galaxy per sec.<br >years (modern value 11.08 light Messier 101. During the year 1843 the<br >years), absolute luminosity and absolute visual Brightest and latest supernova<br > The brightest supernova ever seen in<br >Neo~$ Except for the special case of brightness of Eta Carinae temporarily historic times is believed to be SN 1006,<br >ourown~un, theneareststaristhevery increased to values 60 and 70 million noted in April 1006 near Beta Lupi. It<br >faint Pl oxima Centauri, discovered in times the corresponding values for the flared for two years and attained a mag-<br >1915, Which :is 4.225 light years (25 Sun. nitude of -9 to -10. The remnant is<br >trflli0nanile~) away. Brightest (as seen from Earth) believed to be the radio source G.327.6 +<br >Theneare~~starvisibletothenakedeye Sirius A (Alpha Canis Majoris), also 14.5, nearly 3,000 light years distant.<br >is the :ll0utherla hemisphere binary known as the Dog Star, is the brightest Others have occurred in 1054,1604,1885,<br >All~ha.~cntauri, or Rigel Kentaurus starofthe5,776starsvisibletothenaked and most recently on 23 Feb 1987, when<br >(4.{15 "light ~gars distant), with an eye. It has an apparent magnitude of Inn Shelton sighted the one designated<br >apparent ,raagni~ude of -0.29. It was - 1.46 but because of the relative -69~202 in the Large Magellanic Cloud<br >di~eoy~ed :by Nicolas L. de Laeaille motions of this star and the Sun this 170,000 light years distant. This super-<br >(1~/i~ -~ ~g)~n.I). i762, By A.D. 29,700 this should rise to a maximum value of - 1.67 nova was visible to the naked eye when<br >binalg~ ~ii.r~aeh a minimum distance in about 61,000 years. Sirius is 8.64 light at its brightest in May 1987.<br >from.th~ ~h Of 2.84 light years and years distant and has a luminosity 26 Black holes The concept of super-<br >~holli~th~lt :1~ She second brightest star, times greater than that of the Sun. It has dense bodies was first proposed by the<br >with ,art apparent magnitude of a diameter of 1.45 million miles and a Marquis de LaPlace (1749-1827). This<br > -1.~0,;I. mass2.14tlmesthatoftheSun.Thofaint term for a star that has undergone<br >Fa~i~l~e Solar System, with its white dwarf companion Sirius B has a completegravitationalcollapsewasflrst<br > diameter of only 6,000 miles, which is used by John Archibald Wheeler at an<br >Sutl $ il~l~ie ~Htacipal planets, 61 satall- less than that of the Earth, but its mass Institute for Space Studies meeting in<br >iteBi~tl~t~rDid~ and comets, is located is slightly greater than that of the Sun. New York City on 29 Dec 1967.<br >in:ttt~r0t~r~regions of our Milky Way Sirius is in the constellation Canis<br >gala~y?9~i~i ngthoeentarofthegalaxy Major and is visible in the winter The first tentative identification of a<br >~t~t~tael~2cgefl001~ght y the of th thern hemisph blackhol dinD bet<br > ~lr, 1 i tric ty of 0.07. being due south at midnight on the last 1972 in the binary-star X-ray source<br >The,pl ~e~lt distance from the center is day of the year. Cygnus X-1.<br >27f100,iig~t years and it will reach the<br >minimulrla.!llstanee of 27,609 light years Youngest and oldest The youngest The best black hole candidate is the<br >(parig~la~tiean) in about 15 million stars appear to be two protostars known central star of the binary (or triple) star<br >years, o~the]ast day of the year. collectively as IRAS-4 buried deep in system V404,~s which is 5000 light years<br > (2.9 x 10 miles) distant in the constell-<br >TheMill~yWaygalaxyhasadlameterof dust clouds in the nebula NGC1333<br > which is 1100 light years 6.5 ~ 10~Smiles ation Cygnus and which first showed a<br >about r/0000 light years, so the m possible black hole signature as the<br >distant.hat will be at 66,700 light ye~rS~ distant, A d in May 1991 by a<br > combined British, German and Ameri- transient X-ray source GS 2023 + 338<br >when the Solar System is farthest from can team, these protostars will not blaze discovered by the Ginga satellite in May<br > the center (apagalacticon). At present forth as fully fledged stars for at least 1989. In September 1991 J. Casares, P.A.<br > the most distgnt stars are at 52 700 light another 100,000 years. Charles and T. Naylor firmly established<br > years. the mass as being greater than six times<br > The oldest stars in the galaxy have been that of the Sun (and more likely eight to<br > The present Orbital velocity of the Sun detected in the bale, high above the disc fifteen times) and for the first time<br > and a large number of nearby stars has of the Milky Way, by a group led by obtained a black hole candidate mass<br > boon av.f~ra~ed to 492,000 mph (the Timothy Beers (USA) that discovered 70 unequivocally above the maximum<br > "L0caiSt~ndard of Rest") which would such stars by January 1991 hut even- value of five solar masses for a neutron<br > lead~.an 0$bital period of 237 million tually expect to detect 500. These stars star. The masses of other black hole<br > years,~lgwever, the Sun s actual velo- are characterized by having the lowest candidates such as Cygnus X-I (see<br >

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