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Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) is an analytical tool used by chemists and physicists to study the structure and dynamics of molecules. In recent years, no other technique has grown to such importance as NMR spectroscopy. It is used in all branches of science where precise structural determination is required and where the nature of interactions and reactions in solution is being studied. "Annual Reports on NMR Spectroscopy" has established itself as a premier means for the specialist and nonspecialist alike to become familiar with new techniques and applications of NMR spectroscopy. It includes comprehensive review articles on NMR Spectroscopy. NMR is used in all branches of science. No other technique has grown to such importance as NMR Spectroscopy in recent years.
Advances in Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Spectroscopy: A Comprehensive Survey Volume 37: Frontiers in Biomolecular Structure Elucidation This volume presents a cutting-edge compilation of research focusing on the most recent developments and established methodologies within Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy as applied to complex biological systems. Moving beyond standard chemical analysis, the contributions herein delve deep into the structural, dynamic, and functional characterization of macromolecules—proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids—under near-physiological conditions. Section 1: High-Field Solid-State NMR for Membrane Proteins The structural determination of integral membrane proteins remains a formidable challenge in structural biology, primarily due to their insolubility outside native environments. This section showcases significant methodological leaps in achieving high-resolution spectra from these challenging targets using advanced solid-state NMR (ssNMR) techniques. Key topics include: Microcrystalline and Oriented Sample Preparations: Detailed protocols are provided for preparing uniformly and selectively labeled microcrystalline samples of GPCRs and ion channels, optimized for maximizing signal-to-noise ratios at ultra-high magnetic fields (up to 1.2 GHz). Advanced Recoupling Sequences: A thorough review of modern, phase-modulated recoupling schemes (e.g., DREAM, rfDRUG) necessary for recoupling weak dipolar interactions in slowly tumbling, ordered solids. Specific attention is paid to spectral simulation and assignment strategies for large, multi-domain assemblies. Dynamics in the Native-Mimicking Environment: Investigations into the conformational heterogeneity and backbone dynamics ($T_1$, $T_2$, $chi$-angles) of membrane protein embedded helices, using relaxation measurements interpreted within the context of molecular dynamics simulations. Comparisons are drawn between solution-state studies of detergent-solubilized constructs and solid-state results. Section 2: Solution-State NMR for Transient and Disordered Systems The functional relevance of intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) and transient protein-protein interactions necessitates highly sensitive and fast data acquisition methods. This section focuses on techniques tailored to observe species with millisecond-to-second timescale exchange dynamics. Chemical Shift Perturbation (CSP) Mapping in Weak Binding Regimes: An in-depth analysis of utilizing $ ext{R}_1/ ext{R}_2$ relaxation interference combined with $J$-coupling measurements ($ ext{HSQC}, ext{HNCA}$) to precisely locate interaction interfaces for binders with affinities in the millimolar to high micromolar range, where traditional saturation transfer difference (STD) methods may lack resolution. Paramagnetic Relaxation Enhancement (PRE) for Long-Range Distance Measurements: Practical guidance on the site-specific introduction of spin labels (e.g., MTSL) onto large protein complexes ($>100$ kDa). The methodology explores novel methods for correcting residual long-range dipolar coupling artifacts and integrating PRE data into low-resolution structure calculation protocols using generalized distance restraints. Advanced Pulse Sequence Design for IDPs: Exploration of specific ${}^1 ext{H}-{}^{15} ext{N}$ pulse sequences designed to mitigate signal overlap inherent in highly flexible systems. This includes the use of optimized TROSY-based experiments tailored for the rapid characterization of conformational ensembles exhibiting significant conformational entropy. Section 3: Isotope Labeling Strategies and Metabolomics Integration The efficient utilization of stable isotopes remains central to modern biological NMR. This volume details novel labeling approaches that enhance sensitivity and spectral simplification, particularly when integrating NMR with metabolomics workflows. ${}^{13} ext{C}$-Enrichment in Complex Media: Protocols for achieving quantitative ${}^{13} ext{C}$ labeling in microbial and eukaryotic cell cultures grown in complex, chemically defined media containing minimal carbon sources. Emphasis is placed on achieving high isotopic enrichment ($>98%$) while maintaining biological fidelity. ${}^{19} ext{F}$ NMR for Probing Local Environments: A growing focus on fluorine NMR ($ ext{a}$ non-native, high-sensitivity nucleus) as a site-specific probe. This section reviews the synthesis and incorporation of fluorinated amino acids (e.g., trifluoromethyl-labeled alanine) into proteins and their subsequent use in monitoring drug-target engagement kinetics via ${}^{19} ext{F}$ chemical shift changes. High-Throughput Metabolite Profiling: Application of ${}^1 ext{H}$-NMR spectroscopy coupled with advanced chemometric tools (e.g., Principal Component Analysis, PLS-DA) for rapid identification and quantification of metabolic perturbations in clinical samples (urine, plasma). Discussion covers spectral binning standards necessary for inter-laboratory reproducibility. Section 4: Computational Integration and Data Processing Modern NMR spectroscopy generates datasets too large and complex for manual analysis. This section bridges the gap between experimental data acquisition and final structural/dynamic models through sophisticated computational tools. Automated Resonance Assignment Algorithms: A critical evaluation of contemporary software packages designed for the automated assignment of backbone and side-chain resonances in medium-sized proteins, including machine learning approaches trained on curated PDB databases. Performance metrics focus on robustness against spectral noise and incomplete assignment sets. Structure Refinement from Residual Dipolar Couplings (RDCs): Comprehensive guidance on incorporating anisotropic parameters (RDCs) derived from alignment media (e.g., bicelles, phage media) into molecular dynamics simulations for refining the accuracy of protein backbone models beyond the precision achievable with standard distance/torsion angle restraints alone. Practical demonstration using standard force fields (AMBER, CHARMM). Software Development in High-Performance Computing (HPC): Exploration of parallel processing techniques implemented in NMR data processing pipelines (e.g., Fourier transforms, iterative reconstruction) to reduce acquisition and processing times from days to hours, enabling near real-time structural biology feedback. This volume serves as an essential reference for researchers actively engaged in structural biology, chemical biology, and advanced biophysics, providing the necessary theoretical background and practical implementations to tackle the next generation of NMR challenges in understanding life's fundamental molecular machines.
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