具体描述
In Things and Places, Zenon Pylyshyn argues that the process of incrementally constructing perceptual representations, solving the binding problem (determining which properties go together), and, more generally, grounding perceptual representations in experience arise from the nonconceptual capacity to pick out and keep track of a small number of sensory individuals. He proposes a mechanism in early vision that allows us to select a limited number of sensory objects, to reidentify each of them under certain conditions as the same individual seen before, and to keep track of their enduring individuality despite radical changes in their properties--all without the machinery of concepts, identity, and tenses. This mechanism, which he calls FINSTs (for "Fingers of Instantiation"), is responsible for our capacity to individuate and track several independently moving sensory objects--an ability that we exercise every waking minute, and one that can be understood as fundamental to the way we see and understand the world and to our sense of space. Pylyshyn examines certain empirical phenomena of early vision in light of the FINST mechanism, including tracking and attentional selection. He argues provocatively that the initial selection of perceptual individuals is our primary nonconceptual contact with the perceptual world (a contact that does not depend on prior encoding of any properties of the thing selected) and then draws upon a wide range of empirical data to support a radical externalist theory of spatial representation that grows out of his indexing theory.Zenon W. Pylyshyn is Board of Governors Professor of Cognitive Science at Rutgers Center for Cognitive Science. He is the author of Seeing and Visualizing: It's Not what You Think (2003) and Computation and Cognition: Toward a Foundation for Cognitive Science (1984), both published by The MIT Press, as well as over a hundred scientific papers on perception, attention, and the computational theory of mind.
作者简介
Zenon W. Pylyshyn is Board of Governors Professor of Cognitive Science at Rutgers Center for Cognitive Science. He is the author of Seeing and Visualizing: It's Not what You Think (2003) and Computation and Cognition: Toward a Foundation for Cognitive Science (1984), both published by The MIT Press, as well as over a hundred scientific papers on perception, attention, and the computational theory of mind.
目录信息
Preface and Acknowledgments ix
1 Introduction to the Problem: Connecting Perception and the
World 1
1.1 Background 1
1.2 What’s the Problem of Connecting the Mind with the World? Doesn’t Every
Computational Theory of Vision Do That? 2
1.3 The Need for a Direct Way of Referring to Certain Individual Tokens in a
Scene 10
1.4 Some Empirical Phenomena Illustrating the Role of Indexes 22
1.5 What Are We to Make of Such Empirical Demonstrations? 29
2 Indexing and Tracking Individuals 31
2.1 Individuating and Tracking 31
2.2 Indexes and Primitive Tracking 34
2.3 What Goes On in MOT? 37
2.4 Other Empirical and Theoretical Issues Surrounding MOT 40
2.5 The Infant’s Capacity for Individuating and Tracking Objects 49
2.6 Summary and Implications for the Foundations of Cognitive Science 52
3 Selection: The Key to Linking Representations and Things 59
3.1 Selection: The Role of Focal Attention 59
3.2 Selection and Demonstrative Reference: The Role of FINSTs 67
3.3 Problems with Selection by Location 79
3.4 Feature Placing and Sentience 91
3.5 What Do FINSTs Select? Some Consequences of the Present View 94
4 Conscious Contents and Nonconceptual Representation 99
4.1 Nonconceptual Representation and Perceptual Beliefs 99
4.2 The Role of Conscious Experience in the Study of Perception and Cognition 101
4.3 What Subjective Experience Reveals about Psychological Processes 112
4.4 The Phenomenal Experience of Seeing 119
4.5 The Phenomenal Experience of Mental Imagery 125
4.6 Does Phenomenal Appearance Correspond to a Level of Representation? 143
5 How We Represent Space: Internal versus External Constraints 147
5.1 What Does It Mean to Represent Space? 148
5.2 Internalizing General Spatial Constraints 151
5.3 Internalizing Spatial Properties by Mapping Them Onto an Inner Space 156
5.4 What Is Special about Representing Space? 169
5.5 Externalizing Spatial Properties: The Index Projection Hypothesis 179
5.6 Index Projection in Nonvisual Modalities 191
Conclusions 205
References 211
Index 235
· · · · · · (收起)
读后感
用户评价
坦白说，这本书的学术性或者说其对某些特定领域的致敬，让我感到有些疏离。作者似乎引用了大量我并不熟悉的文化典故、哲学流派或是地域性的俚语，这些元素像是一道道密不透风的墙，将我这个门外汉牢牢地挡在了讨论的核心之外。我能感觉到文字背后蕴含着巨大的知识储备和严谨的思考框架，但这些都建立在一个我尚未掌握的“语言基础”之上。每次遇到一个生僻的词汇或一个典故，我都要停下来查阅，这极大地打断了阅读的流畅性，也削弱了情感的投入。整本书弥漫着一种“我懂你才懂”的精英主义气息，尽管这可能并非作者的本意，但阅读效果确实如此。它更像是写给特定圈子的“内部笑话”和“专业讨论”，而圈外的我们只能在边缘窃听，捕捉那些零星的、可以被轻易理解的片言只语。它无疑是一部智力上的挑战，但对于渴望一种更容易消化的、普世性体验的读者而言，它提供的是一场需要提前准备大量功课才能参与的复杂宴会。
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评分从文本的质感来看，这本书明显地倾向于构建一种强烈的“在场感”，仿佛作者正坐在你身边，低声向你耳语他观察到的那些被主流社会所忽略的细节。这种私密的交流方式，使得阅读过程充满了亲密感，但同时也伴随着一种强烈的被审视感。作者对细节的捕捉近乎偏执，他会花费大段的篇幅去描绘光线如何穿过一片腐烂的叶子，或者一个陌生人走路时鞋底摩擦地面的微小声响。这种对微小事物的深度挖掘，让人开始重新审视自己习以为常的环境。然而，这种过度沉浸于“微观”也带来了“宏观”叙事的缺失。读完之后，我脑海中留下的不是一个清晰的故事轮廓，而是一系列鲜活的、高保真的感官片段。它更像是一个高度精炼的艺术品展示册，每一页都是一个精心打磨的微观世界，但将这些微观世界拼凑起来，却难以形成一个完整的世界观。这本书成功地将“看”的行为提升到了一种近乎冥想的境界，但对于那些期待故事驱动或观点输出的读者来说，它可能显得过于“静止”和“自我陶醉”了。
评分我得说，这本书的结构简直是一团乱麻，但或许，这正是作者想要达到的目的。它完全打破了我们对于“书”应该是什么样子的传统认知。章节之间的过渡是如此的突兀和跳跃，上一页还在讨论遥远古代文明的衰落，下一页突然就聚焦于作者童年时院子里一株枯萎的植物。这种看似随机的切换，反而营造出一种“万物皆有关联”的错觉。这种关联性不是通过逻辑链条建立的，而是通过一种潜意识的、近乎梦境般的联想网络编织而成的。阅读这本书的过程，需要极大的耐心去适应这种不稳定的节奏。我必须不断地提醒自己，不要去寻找“下一步会发生什么”，而是去欣赏“此时此刻的描述有多么精妙”。它更像是一本笔记的集合，记录着作者对这个世界流动的观察和随手的涂鸦。有些段落的语言极其简洁有力，像一把出鞘的利剑，瞬间刺穿表象；而另一些地方又变得啰嗦冗长，像是老旧留声机里不断重复的低语。这种极端的对比，让阅读体验充满了不可预测的惊喜与挫败感，像是在一条蜿蜒曲折的小路上开车，你永远不知道下一个转角会出现悬崖还是宝藏。
评分这本书，嗯，读完之后感觉就像是走进了一个迷宫，到处都是令人费解的符号和晦涩的理论。作者似乎对现实的表层结构充满了不屑，一头扎进了他自创的哲学体系里。我花了很大的力气去试图理解他关于“存在”与“非存在”之间界限模糊的论述，但最终只是收获了一脑子的浆糊。比如，他对一个日常物品——一个简单的马克杯——的分析，竟然可以延伸到宇宙的熵增和人类意识的局限性上。这听起来很深刻，但实际阅读体验却极其折磨。文字密度高得吓人，每句话都像是一道数学题，需要反复推敲才能勉强捕捉到一点点作者想要表达的意图。我能感受到作者的才华，那种试图打破既有认知框架的雄心壮志，但遗憾的是，这种雄心壮志似乎压倒了清晰的沟通欲望。阅读过程更像是一场攀登陡峭山峰的苦役，沿途风景或许壮丽，但脚下的每一步都充满了不确定和疲惫。这本书更像是写给那些已经精通了他所引用的那些艰深哲学流派的少数精英的，对于像我这样试图寻求一点点清晰叙事和直接洞察的普通读者来说，它提供的是更多的困惑而非解答。读完后，我甚至开始怀疑自己对“事物”和“地方”这两个概念的基本理解是否还像从前那样稳固了。
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