Skeletal Muscle Plasticity in Health and Disease pdf epub mobi txt 电子书 下载 2026

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出版者:Springer Verlag

作者:Reggiani, Carlo 编

出品人:

页数:368

译者:

出版时间:

价格:$ 247.47

装帧:HRD

isbn号码:9781402051760

丛书系列:

图书标签:

• Skeletal muscle
• Muscle plasticity
• Health
• Disease
• Muscle physiology
• Exercise
• Aging
• Neuromuscular disorders
• Rehabilitation
• Molecular mechanisms

Advanced Techniques in Biophysical Measurement of Biological Tissues A Comprehensive Exploration of Modern Methodologies in Tissue Characterization This volume delves into the cutting-edge landscape of biophysical measurement techniques applied to biological tissues, offering an in-depth examination of the principles, instrumentation, and practical applications of advanced characterization methods. Far removed from the specific focus of skeletal muscle plasticity, this book targets researchers, advanced students, and practicing scientists operating at the intersection of physics, engineering, and biological sciences, emphasizing the quantitative assessment of tissue structure, mechanics, and composition across various scales. The core mission of this text is to bridge the gap between complex theoretical physics underlying sophisticated measurement systems and their direct utility in deciphering biological function and dysfunction. It provides rigorous mathematical frameworks alongside detailed experimental protocols, ensuring readers gain both the theoretical foundation and the practical competence necessary to deploy these powerful tools. Part I: Foundational Principles and Spectroscopic Characterization The initial section establishes the essential groundwork by reviewing the electromagnetic spectrum's interaction with biological matter, focusing specifically on high-resolution spectroscopic analysis beyond simple absorbance measurements. Chapter 1: Advanced Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) for Subsurface Analysis. This chapter moves beyond standard single-backscatter OCT to explore spectral-domain and ultrahigh-resolution OCT (UHR-OCT). It meticulously details the mathematics of interferometric signal processing, phase-resolved OCT for flow mapping (OCTA), and polarization-sensitive OCT (PS-OCT) for characterizing tissue birefringence and fiber alignment in complex structures like cartilage and cornea. Specific attention is paid to mitigating motion artifacts through advanced computational algorithms and integrating machine learning for automated feature extraction from raw interferograms. Chapter 2: High-Resolution Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) Spectroscopy. Unlike magnetic resonance imaging focused on proton density, this section explores EPR as a tool for characterizing free radicals, transition metals, and molecular motion in biological environments. We cover pulse EPR techniques, including Electron Spin Echo Envelope Modulation (ESEEM) and DEER (Double Electron-Electron Resonance), essential for determining distances between spin labels in the nanometer range within supramolecular assemblies. Applications discussed include the study of redox state regulation in mitochondria and the conformational dynamics of membrane-associated proteins, areas distinctly separate from neuromuscular signaling pathways. Chapter 3: X-Ray Microtomography and Diffractive Imaging. This part focuses on non-destructive, high-contrast imaging techniques for three-dimensional assessment of tissue mineralization and porous architecture. We analyze synchrotron-based X-ray microtomography (SR-µCT), emphasizing phase-contrast methods that enhance visualization of soft tissue boundaries often obscured in conventional absorption contrast. Furthermore, coherent X-ray diffraction imaging (CXDI) is introduced as a method to reconstruct object structure from the intensity patterns of scattered X-rays, providing insight into nanoscale organization within dense matrices like bone and dentin, without relying on conventional lens-based optics. Part II: Mechanical and Rheological Assessment The second major section is dedicated to quantifying the viscoelastic behavior and mechanical integrity of tissues under various physiological and pathological loads, employing methodologies distinct from those used to gauge the intrinsic contractility or excitation-contraction coupling of isolated muscle fibers. Chapter 4: Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) for Cellular Mechanics. This chapter provides a rigorous guide to utilizing AFM for probing forces down to the piconewton scale. It thoroughly examines the theoretical underpinnings of Hertzian and Sneddon contact mechanics models for interpreting force-indentation curves obtained from living cells and soft hydrogels. Emphasis is placed on high-speed AFM (HS-AFM) for visualizing dynamic processes on surfaces, such as protein unfolding or membrane deformation in real-time, contrasting this with whole-tissue mechanical testing. Detailed calibration procedures for cantilever sensitivity and thermal drift management are provided. Chapter 5: Ultrasound Elastography and Acoustic Radiation Force Impulse (ARFI). Moving to the macroscopic scale, this section covers methods for mapping tissue stiffness in vivo using mechanical waves. Shear Wave Elastography (SWE) is explored, detailing the mathematical derivation of shear wave speed from time-of-flight measurements and its conversion to Young’s modulus. Advanced topics include 2D shear strain mapping and transient elastography, emphasizing the diagnostic value in assessing fibrosis and rigidity in parenchymal organs like the liver and kidney, where structural mechanics dictate function differently than in contractile tissues. Chapter 6: Rheometry and Viscoelastic Characterization of Biomaterials. This chapter concentrates on bulk material testing using rotational and oscillatory rheometers. It distinguishes between viscous and elastic contributions to tissue response via storage (G') and loss (G'') moduli measurements. Comprehensive coverage is given to characterizing complex biological fluids and semi-solids, such as synovial fluid or extracellular matrix surrogates, under oscillatory shear, covering topics like creep compliance and stress relaxation testing crucial for understanding material response under sustained physiological loads. Part III: Advanced Imaging Modalities and Biosensing The final part of the book addresses novel imaging paradigms and the integration of physical measurements with molecular data, focusing on techniques that quantify local microenvironments rather than systemic tissue responses. Chapter 7: Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging Microscopy (FLIM) for Metabolic Sensing. FLIM is presented as a powerful tool for quantifying the microenvironment's influence on fluorophore excited-state dynamics. This chapter details the principles of time-domain and frequency-domain acquisition, focusing on measuring the metabolic state through the lifetime changes of endogenous fluorophores like NADH and FAD. The derived maps of the NAD(P)H/FAD ratio provide essential metabolic fingerprints of cellular health and metabolic perturbation in numerous cell types, entirely separate from considerations of muscle fiber type distribution or fatigue resistance. Chapter 8: Biosensors Based on Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR). This section details the use of SPR for label-free characterization of molecular interactions at surfaces. The physics of localized surface plasmon resonance—the coupling of incident light to surface electrons—is explained, followed by practical application in quantifying binding kinetics ($k_{on}, k_{off}$) and equilibrium dissociation constants ($K_D$). Applications reviewed include monitoring drug-receptor binding kinetics in artificial membranes and assessing the adhesion forces between immune cells and engineered surfaces. Chapter 9: Spatially Resolved pH and Ion Sensing using Optical Probes. The concluding chapter explores techniques to map critical ionic gradients and $ ext{pH}$ variations within tissue sections or living cultures. This involves the use of ratiometric fluorescent probes whose emission spectra shift predictably with environmental changes. Detailed protocols for probe calibration in situ and the computational deconvolution of overlapping spectral signals are provided, offering high spatial resolution insights into localized cellular homeostasis mechanisms distinct from muscle excitability studies. Target Audience: Researchers in Biomedical Engineering, Biophysics, Materials Science, and advanced graduate students specializing in tissue characterization methodologies. This text assumes a strong background in calculus, differential equations, and introductory physics.

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