CONTENTS
Preface xv
PART I ON MEMORY AND RECOLLECTION 1
Chapter 1 Memory and Imagination 5
Reading Guidelines 5
The Greek Heritage 7
˜ Plato: The Present Representation of an Absent Thing 7
˜ Aristotle: “Memory Is of the Past” 15
A Phenomenological Sketch of Memory 21
Memories and Images 44
Chapter 2 The Exercise of Memory: Uses and Abuses 56
Reading Guidelines 56
The Abuses of Artificial Memory: The Feats of
Memorization 58
The Abuses of Natural Memory: Blocked Memory,
Manipulated Memory, Abusively Controlled Memory 68
˜ The Pathological-Therapeutic Level: Blocked Memory 69
˜ The Practical Level: Manipulated Memory 80
˜ The Ethico-Political Level: Obligated Memory 86
Chapter 3 Personal Memory, Collective Memory 93
Reading Guidelines 93
The Tradition of Inwardness 96
˜ Augustine 96
˜ Locke 102
˜ Husserl 109
The External Gaze: Maurice Halbwachs 120
Three Subjects of the Attribution of Memories: Ego, Collectives, Close
Relations 124
PART II HISTORY, EPISTEMOLOGY 133
Prelude History: Remedy or Poison? 141
Chapter 1 The Documentary Phase: Archived Memory 146
Reading Guidelines 146
Inhabited Space 147
Historical Time 153
Testimony 161
The Archive 166
Documentary Proof 176
Chapter 2 Explanation/Understanding 182
Reading Guidelines 182
Promoting the History of Mentalities 188
Some Advocates of Rigor: Michel Foucault, Michel de Certeau,
Norbert Elias 200
Variations in Scale 209
From the Idea of Mentality to That of Representation 216
˜ The Scale of Efficacy or of Coerciveness 218
˜ The Scale of Degrees of Legitimation 221
˜ The Scale of Nonquantitative Aspects of Social Times 223
The Dialectic of Representation 227
Chapter 3 The Historian’s Representation 234
Reading Guidelines 234
Representation and Narration 238
Representation and Rhetoric 248
The Historian’s Representation and the Prestige of the Image 261
Standing For 274
PART III THE HISTORICAL CONDITION 281
Prelude The Burden of History and the Nonhistorical 287
Chapter 1 The Critical Philosophy of History 293
Reading Guidelines 293
“Die Geschichte Selber,” “History Itself ” 296
“Our” Modernity 305
The Historian and the Judge 314
Interpretation in History 333
Chapter 2 History and Time 343
Reading Guidelines 343
Temporality 352
˜ Being-toward-Death 352
˜ Death in History 361
Historicity 369
˜ The Trajectory of the Term Geschichtlichkeit 370
˜ Historicity and Historiography 376
Within-Timeness: Being-“in”-Time 382
˜ Along the Path of the Inauthentic 382
˜ Within-Timeness and the Dialectic of Memory and History 384
Memory, Just a Province of History? 385
Memory, in Charge of History? 389
The Uncanniness of History 393
˜ Maurice Halbwachs: Memory Fractured by History 393
˜ Yerushalmi: “Historiography and Its Discontents” 397
˜ Pierre Nora: Strange Places of Memory 401
Chapter 3 Forgetting 412
Reading Guidelines 412
Forgetting and the Effacing of Traces 418
Forgetting and the Persistence of Traces 427
The Forgetting of Recollection: Uses and Abuses 443
˜ Forgetting and Blocked Memory 444
˜ Forgetting and Manipulated Memory 448
˜ Commanded Forgetting: Amnesty 452
Epilogue Difficult Forgiveness 457
The Forgiveness Equation 459
˜ Depth: The Fault 459
˜ Height: Forgiveness 466
The Odyssey of the Spirit of Forgiveness: The Passage through
Institutions 470
˜ Criminal Guilt and the Imprescriptible 471
˜ Political Guilt 474
˜ Moral Guilt 476
The Odyssey of the Spirit of Forgiveness: The Stage of Exchange 478
˜ The Economy of the Gift 479
˜ Gift and Forgiveness 481
The Return to the Self 486
˜ Forgiving and Promising 486
˜ Unbinding the Agent from the Act 489
Looking Back over an Itinerary: Recapitulation 493
˜ Happy Memory 494
˜ Unhappy History? 497
˜ Forgiveness and Forgetting 500
Notes 507
Works Cited 607
Index 627
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