齣版前言 1
道格拉斯•C•諾斯序——經濟學教材的革命 3
林毅夫中文第12版序——經濟學的樣貌與靈魂 5
張維迎中文第11版序——為什麼沒有免費的午餐 6
梁小民中文第11版序——像經濟學傢一樣思考 8
Preface 前 言 10
1 The Economic Way of Thinking 經濟學的思維方式 3
Recognizing Order 認識秩序 3
The Importance of Social Cooperation 社會協作的重要性 4
How Does It Happen? 這一切是怎麼發生的？ 5
An Apparatus of the Mind—the skill of the economist 智力工具——經濟學傢的技能 6
Cooperation through mutual adjustment 通過相互調整進行閤作 9
Rules of the game 遊戲規則 10
Property rights as rules of the game 産權作為遊戲規則 11
The biases of economic theory: a weakness or a strength?
經濟學理論的偏倚：缺點還是優點？ 12
Biases or conclusions 偏倚還是結論？ 14
No theory means poor theory 沒有理論就是糟糕的理論 15
Once over lightly 簡短迴顧 16
Questions for discussion 問題與討論 17
2 Efficiency, Exchange, and Comparative Advantage 效率、交換與比較優勢 21
Goods and Bads 好品和壞品 22
The Myth of Material Wealth 物質財富的誤區 23
Trade Creates Wealth 貿易創造財富 24
Is It Worth It? Efficiency and Values 值不值？效率與價值 25
Recognizing Trade-Offs: Comparing Opportunity Costs of Production
學會權衡：比較生産的機會成本 27
The Gains from Specialization and Exchange 從專業化和交換中獲益 29
Why Specialize? 為什麼要專業化？ 30
From Individual Trade to International Trade, and Back Again
從人際貿易到國際貿易，再到人際貿易 30
Transaction Costs 交易成本 31
Incentives to Reduce Transaction Costs: Middlemen 降低交易成本的激勵：中間人 32
Middlemen Create Information 中間人創造信息 33
Markets as Discovery Processes 市場作為發現過程 34
An Appendix: Economic Growth: Specialization, Exchange, and The Rule of Law
延伸閱讀： 經濟增長：專業化、交換和法治 35
Once Over Lightly 簡短迴顧 38
Questions for Discussion 問題與討論 40
3 Substitutes Everywhere: The Concept of Demand 無處不在的替代：需求的概念 45
On the Notion of “Needs” 關於“需要” 45
Marginal Values 邊際價值 47
Everyday Choices Are Marginal Choices 日常選擇就是邊際選擇 48
The Demand Curve 需求麯綫 49
The Law of Demand 需求法則 51
Demand and Quantity Demanded 需求和需求量 52
Demand Itself Can Change 需求自身也會變 53
Everything Depends on Everything Else 任何事物都依賴於其他事物 54
Misperceptions Caused by Inflation 通貨膨脹導緻的錯覺 57
Time Is on Our Side 時間站在我們這一邊 58
Price Elasticity of Demand 需求的價格彈性 58
Thinking About Elasticity 對彈性的思考 60
Elasticity and Total Receipts 彈性與總收入 61
The Myth of Vertical Demand 垂直需求的誤區 62
All Scarce Goods Must Be Rationed Somehow 所有稀缺品都必須以某種方式分配 63
Is Money All That Matters? Money Costs, Other Costs, and Economic Calculation
隻有錢重要嗎？貨幣成本、其他成本和經濟計算 65
Once Over Lightly 簡短迴顧 66
Questions for Discussion 問題與討論 67
4 Cost and Choice: The Concept of Supply 成本和選擇：供給的概念 75
Refresher on Opportunity Costs 對機會成本的復習 75
Costs Are Tied to Actions, Not Things 成本和行為而不是事物相關 76
What Do I Do Now? The Irrelevance of “Sunk Costs”
我現在該乾什麼？“沉沒成本”的無關性 77
Producers’ Costs as Opportunity Costs 生産者的成本作為機會成本 78
Marginal Opportunity Costs 邊際機會成本 80
Costs and Supply 成本和供給 81
The Supply Curve 供給麯綫 83
Supply Itself Can Change 供給自身也會變 85
Marginal and Average Costs 邊際成本和平均成本 86
The Cost of a Volunteer Military Force 誌願兵役製度的成本 87
Price Elasticity of Supply 供給的價格彈性 90
Cost as Justification 用成本論證正當性 91
Once Over Lightly 簡短迴顧 92
Questions for Discussion 問題與討論 93
5 Supply and Demand: A Process of Coordination 供給與需求：協調的過程 99
The Market Is a Process of Plan Coordination 市場是計劃協調的過程 101
The Basic Process 基本過程 102
Competition, Cooperation, and Market Clearing 競爭、閤作與市場齣清 104
Changing Market Conditions 變動的市場條件 106
Learning from Free-Market Prices 理解自由市場價格 106
Central Planning and the Knowledge Problem 中央計劃和知識問題 108
An Appendix: Coordination Problems: Transaction Costs
延伸閱讀：協調遇到的問題：交易成本 109
Once Over Lightly 簡短迴顧 114
Questions for Discussion 問題與討論 115
6 Unintended Consequences: More Applications of Supply and Demand
無意的後果：供求規律的更多應用 119
Catastrophe and Confusion 自然災害時供求的迷思 119
Catastrophe and Coordination 自然災害時供求的協調 120
The Urge to Fix Prices 限價的衝動 122
Competition When Prices Are Fixed 價格固定時的競爭 124
Appropriate and Inappropriate Signals 恰當與不恰當的信號 125
Looking for an Apartment in the City? Read the Obituary!
想在城裏找公寓嗎？看訃告吧！ 126
Strong Booze, Stronger Drugs: Criminal Incentives 烈酒、烈性毒品：犯罪的激勵 128
Skim Milk, Whole Milk, and Gangster Milkmen 脫脂牛奶、全脂牛奶和“牛奶匪幫” 130
Supports and Surpluses 價格下限與生産過剩 130
Supply, Demand, and the Minimum Wage 供給、需求和最低工資 132
Slavery Goes Global, Again 奴隸貿易再次全球化 134
Do Costs Determine Prices? 成本決定價格嗎？ 135
The Dropouts Release Their First CD “退齣者”發行瞭他們的第一張唱片 136
“There’s Gold in Them Thar Hills!” So What? “山裏有金子！”那又怎麼樣？ 137
Even Butchers Don’t Have the Guts 甚至連屠戶都沒這個膽子 137
Why Does It Cost So Much to Change Bedpans? 為什麼醫院裏換個便盆都這麼貴？ 138
An Appendix: Framing Economic Questions Correctly 延伸閱讀：正確地錶述經濟問題 139
Once Over Lightly 簡短迴顧 143
Questions for Discussion 問題與討論 144
7 Profit and Loss 利潤與虧損 153
Wage, Rent, and Interest: Incomes Established in Advance by Contract
工資、租金和利息：用閤同事先確定的收入 153
Profit: Income That Can Be Positive or Negative 利潤：可正可負的收入 154
Calculating Profit: What Should Be Included in Costs? 計算利潤：哪些應該計入成本？ 155
Comparing Economic Profit and Accounting Profit 比較經濟利潤和會計利潤 156
Uncertainty: A Necessary Condition for Profit 不確定性：利潤的必要條件 158
The Entrepreneur 企業傢 159
The Entrepreneur as Residual Claimant 作為剩餘索取者的企業傢 160
Not-for-Profit Institutions 非營利機構 161
Entrepreneurship and the Market Process 企業傢纔能與市場過程 161
Mere Luck? 僅僅是運氣嗎？ 163
Profit and Loss as Coordinating Signals: The Role of Monetary Calculation
利潤與虧損作為協調的信號：貨幣計量的作用 164
Beware of Experts 小心專傢 166
An Appendix: Profiteering in Futures Markets 延伸閱讀： 在期貨市場上賺取利潤 167
Once Over Lightly 簡短迴顧 173
Questions for Discussion 問題與討論 174
8 Price Searching 覓 價 183
The Popular Theory of Price Setting 定價的流行理論 183
Introducing Ed Sike 艾德•賽剋登場 184
The Basic Rule for Maximizing Net Revenue 淨收益最大化的基本法則 186
The Concept of Marginal Revenue 邊際收益的概念 186
Why Marginal Revenue Is Less Than Price 為什麼邊際收益會低於價格？ 187
Setting Marginal Revenue to Equal Marginal Cost 讓邊際收益等於邊際成本 188
What About Those Empty Seats? 那些空座位呢？ 189
The Price Discriminator’s Dilemma 差彆定價者的睏境 189
The College as Price Searcher 學校作為覓價者 190
Some Strategies for Price Discrimination 一些差彆定價策略 192
Ed Sike Finds a Way 艾德•賽剋找到瞭一個辦法 192
Resentment and Rationale 不滿情緒與“閤理化”辯解 194
Lunch and Dinner Prices 午餐價和晚餐價 194
Cost-Plus-Markup Reconsidered 重新思考成本加成 196
Once Over Lightly 簡短迴顧 196
Questions for Discussion 問題與討論 197
9 Competition and Government Policy 競爭與政府政策 205
Competition as a Process 競爭作為一個過程 205
The Pressures of Competition 競爭的壓力 207
Controlling Competition 控製競爭 208
Restrictions on Competition 對競爭的限製 210
Competition for the Key Resource:
The $600,000 Taxi License 對核心資源的競爭：60萬美元的齣租車執照 211
Competition and Property Rights 競爭和財産權 211
The Ambivalence of Government Policies 政府政策的矛盾性 212
Selling Below Cost 低於成本銷售 212
What Is the Appropriate Cost? 什麼是適當的成本？ 213
“Predators” and Competition “掠奪者”和競爭 215
Regulating Prices 價格管製 216
“Antitrust” Policy “反托拉斯”政策 218
Interpretations and Applications 解釋和應用 218
Vertical Restraints: Competitive or Anticompetitive 縱嚮限製：競爭或反競爭 220
The Range of Opinion 觀點譜係 221
Toward Evaluation 對於競爭政策的評估 222
Once Over Lightly 簡短迴顧 223
Questions for Discussion 問題與討論 223
10 Externalities and Conflicting Rights 外部性與衝突的權利 229
Externalities, Negative and Positive 正外部性和負外部性 229
Perfection Is Unattainable 十全十美無法達到 230
Negotiation 協 商 231
Reducing Externalities Through Adjudication 通過裁定減少外部性 233
The Case of the Complaining Homeowner 抱怨的房主 233
The Importance of Precedents 先例的重要性 234
The Problem of Radical Change 劇烈變化帶來的問題 235
Reducing Externalities Through Legislation 通過立法減少外部性 236
Minimizing Costs 把成本降到最低 237
Another Approach: Taxing Emissions 另一種辦法：徵收排放稅 238
Licenses to Pollute? 汙染許可證？ 240
Efficiency and Fairness 效率和公平 240
The Bubble Concept 泡泡法 241
Rights and the Social Problem of Pollution 權利和汙染帶來的社會問題 243
Traffic Congestion as an Externality 交通擁堵作為一種外部性 243
Once Over Lightly 簡短迴顧 245
Questions for Discussion 問題與討論 245
11 Markets and Government 市場與政府 255
Private Versus Public? 私人還是公共？ 255
Competition and Individualism 競爭和個人主義 256
Economic Theory and Government Action 經濟理論和政府行為 257
The Right to Use Coercion 采取強製的權利 258
Is Government Necessary? 政府是必要的嗎？ 259
Excluding Nonpayers 排除不付錢的人 260
The Free-Rider Problem 搭便車問題 261
Positive Externalities and Free Riders 正外部性和搭便車 262
Law and Order 法律和秩序 263
National Defense 國 防 263
Roads and Schools 道路和學校 264
Income Redistribution 收入再分配 264
The Regulation of Voluntary Exchange 自願交易的管製 265
Government and the Public Interest 政府和公共利益 266
Information and Democratic Governments 信息和民主政府 266
The Interests of Elected Officials 民選官員的利益 267
Concentrated Benefits, Dispersed Costs 集中的收益，分散的成本 269
Positive Externalities and Government Policies 正外部性和政府政策 270
How Do People Identify the Public Interest? 人們如何界定公共利益 271
The Prisoners’ Dilemma 囚徒睏境 272
The Limits of Political Institutions 政治製度的局限 274
Once Over Lightly 簡短迴顧 275
Questions for Discussion 問題與討論 276
12 Measuring the Overall Performance of Economic Systems
衡量經濟係統的整體績效 283
Gross Domestic Product 國內生産總值 284
GDP or GNP? GDP還是GNP？ 285
GDP as Total Income Created in the Domestic Economy
GDP作為國內經濟創造的總收入 286
GDP Is Not a Measure of All Purchases in the Economy
GDP衡量的並非經濟係統中的所有購買 287
GDP as Total Value Added GDP作為總附加價值 288
Is Value Added Always Positive? 附加價值是否總是正的？ 289
Loose Ends: Unsold Inventories and Used Goods 零散問題：未齣售的存貨和二手貨 290
Aggregate Fluctuations 總量波動 291
Unemployment and Nonemployment 失業和未就業 292
Employed, Not Employed, and Unemployed 就業、未就業和失業 293
Labor-Market Decisions 勞動力市場中的決策 294
Unemployment and Recessions 失業和經濟衰退 295
Inflation 通貨膨脹 296
The Difficulties of Monetary Calculation 貨幣計量的難題 298
Recession and Inflation Since 1960 1960年以來的經濟衰退和通貨膨脹 298
What Causes Aggregate Fluctuations? 什麼導緻總量波動？ 301
An Appendix: Limitations of National Income Accounting
延伸閱讀：國民收入核算的局限 303
Once Over Lightly 簡短迴顧 307
Questions for Discussion 問題與討論 308
13 The Wealth of Nations: Globalization and Economic Growth
國傢的財富：全球化與經濟增長 313
Who Is Rich, Who Is Poor? 誰富，誰窮？ 314
The Historical Record 曆史記錄 314
Sources of Economic Growth 經濟增長的源泉 316
Foreign Investment 外國投資 318
Human Capital 人力資本 321
Oil Comes from Our Minds 石油來自我們的頭腦 322
Economic Freedom Index 經濟自由度指數 323
The Developmental Power of Private Property Rights 私有産權對發展的作用 323
The Asian Record 亞洲記錄 324
Outside of Asia 亞洲之外 327
Globalization and Its Discontents 全球化及其不滿 329
The Power of Popular Opinion 公眾意見的力量 331
The Power of Special Interests 特殊利益的力量 332
The Outsourcing Controversy: Soundbytes vs. Analysis 外包的爭論：脫口秀還是分析 332
An Appendix: The Difficulties of International GDP Comparisons
延伸閱讀：跨國GDP比較的難點 334
Once Over Lightly 簡短迴顧 337
Questions for Discussion 問題與討論 338
14 Money 貨 幣 341
The Evolution of Money 貨幣的演化 341
The Myth of Fiat Money 法定貨幣的故事 342
The Nature of Money Today 當今貨幣的性質 343
So How Much Money Is Out There? 市麵上有多少貨幣？ 344
The Creation of Money 貨幣的創造 345
What Can Be Created Can Be Destroyed 任何可以創造齣來的東西都可以被滅失 346
Credibility and Confidence 信用和信任 347
Banks Under Regulation: Legal Reserve Requirements
受管製的銀行：法定存款準備金製度 348
The Fed as Monitor and Rule Enforcer 美聯儲作為監督者和規則實施者 349
The Tools Used by the Fed 美聯儲的工具 352
The Discount Rate 貼現率 352
Open Market Operations 公開市場操作 353
But Who Is Really in Charge? 但是誰真正做主呢？ 354
An Appendix: What about Gold? 延伸閱讀：那麼黃金呢？ 355
Once Over Lightly 簡短迴顧 357
Questions for Discussion 問題與討論 357
15 Economic Performance and Real-World Politics 經濟績效和真實世界中的政治 363
The Great Depression 經濟大蕭條 363
What Really Happens in a Recession? 經濟衰退期間究竟會發生什麼？ 365
A Cluster of Errors 錯誤集群 365
Monetary Mismanagement, Monetary Miscalculation 貨幣的不良管理和錯誤計算 367
Monetary Equilibrium 貨幣均衡 369
When Is Monetary Policy Effective? 貨幣政策何時有效？ 370
The Case for Fiscal Policy 財政政策 371
The Necessity of Good Timing 掌握好時機的必要性 372
The Federal Budget as a Policy Tool 聯邦預算作為一種政策工具 374
Time Horizons and Politics 任期和政治 375
Deficits Unlimited 無限度的赤字 376
Why Not Government at All Levels? 為什麼不是各級政府都如此？ 379
Discretion and Rules 自由裁量和規則 381
Who Is at the Controls? 誰掌權？ 383
Once Over Lightly 簡短迴顧 385
Questions for Discussion 問題與討論 386
16 Renewal of the Debate: Some Parting Thoughts 辯論的更新：臨彆的思想贈言 395
The Great Financial Crisis of 2008 . . . and Beyond 2008年及其後的金融大海嘯 395
But First: The S&L Crisis of the 1980s 先得迴顧20世紀80年代的存貸危機 397
The Subprime Mortgage Crisis: Hurting the Disadvantaged by Helping the Disadvantaged
次貸危機：對弱勢群體的幫助反而害瞭他們 398
Profit, Loss, and Bailout: Can a Government Agency Be a Good Entrepreneur?
利潤、虧損和援助：政府機構可以成為一個好企業傢嗎？ 400
What Economists Know and the Limitations of Economics
經濟學傢知道什麼和經濟學的局限 402
Beyond Mere Economics 超越純粹的經濟學 404
Glossary 重要詞匯 407
Index 索 引 415
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