South to the Naktong, North to the Yalu pdf epub mobi txt 电子书 下载 在线阅读 2026

Since it was only from survivors of the early battles in Korea that one could hope to reconstruct the narrative of the first months of the conflict, the writer undertook to get their story. When he arrived in Korea in early July 1951, on active duty with the Army, he had orders from Maj. Gen. Orlando Ward, then Chief of Military History, to study the terrain of the action and to interview as many participants, of all ranks, as he could find. He began then a process continued almost to the hour that this manuscript went to press. He talked with hundreds of soldiers, from privates to threeand four-star generals, about particular actions and decisions affecting the action of which each had personal knowledge in some degree. One interview would result in leads to others. Thus the snowball grew. Many officers and soldiers who had information were now in distant lands on reassignment, or otherwise out of reach for personal discussion. To them went letters. Over the years, information came back from many corners of the globe. The response was remarkable. The author had only to ask and he received. The men were eager to tell their story—from the private in the ranks to General of the Army Douglas MacArthur. Without this willing help of those who toiled, suffered, bled, and lost their comrades the story of the Korean War in 1950 could never have been told satisfactorily. If this narrative carries the mark of truth, it is to these men largely that it is due. My debt to them is great. Note: Due to its large size, Map 7 has been removed. There are a tremendous number of maps and illustrations included in this work.

Roy E. Appleman, a graduate of Ohio State University, magna cum laude, continued his education at Yale Law School and Columbia University, receiving from the latter the M.A. degree in History and completing all requirements for the Ph.D. degree except the publication of a dissertation.

He entered the United States Army as a private in the infantry in 1942 during World War II and after completing Officer Candidate School the following year was commissioned a 2d lieutenant. After a number of assignments, he was sent overseas to the Pacific theater in 1944, assigned as a combat historian with the United States Tenth Army and subsequently attached to the XXIV Corps. Coauthor of Okinawa: The Last Battle, first combat volume to be published in the series UNITED STATES ARMY IN WORLD WAR II, he received the Army Commendation Ribbon in 1945 for performance of duties as combat historian in the Okinawa campaign and his subsequent contribution to the Okinawa volume.

Early in 1951 Colonel Appleman (then a major) was ordered from reserve status to active duty with the Army and sent to Korea as a combat historian for the purpose of studying the action there and preparing the Army's history of the Korean War. A lieutenant colonel, he returned to civilian life in the autumn of 1954. Upon completion of the manuscript for the present work, he received the Secretary of the Army's Certificate of Appreciation for Patriotic Civilian Service.

Author of Abraham Lincoln: From His Own Words and Contemporary Accounts, published by the Government Printing Office; coauthor of Great Western Indian Fights, being published by Doubleday & Company, Inc.; and coauthor of History of the United States Flag and Symbols of Sovereignty, being published by Harper & Brothers, Mr. Appleman is presently Staff Historian in the National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior, and holds a commission as lieutenant colonel in the U. S. Army Reserve.

Chapter Page
I. KOREA AND THE BACKGROUND OF CONFLICT ......................... 1
II. ARMED FORCES OF NORTH AND SOUTH KOREA ....................... 7
The North Korea People's Army ........................... 8
The Republic of Korea Armed Forces ...................... 12
III. INVASION ACROSS THE PARALLEL ............................... 19
Invasion ................................................ 21
The ROK Counterattack at Uijongbu ....................... 28
The Fall of Seoul ....................................... 30
IV. THE UNITED STATES AND THE UNITED NATIONS REACT .............. 36
U.S. and U.N. Action .................................... 37
Evacuation of U.S. Nationals From Korea ................. 38
KMAG Starts To Leave Korea .............................. 40
ADCOM in Korea .......................................... 42
MacArthur Flies to Korea ................................ 44
The President Authorizes Use of U.S. Ground Troops in
Korea ................................................ 46
V. THE NORTH KOREANS CROSS THE HAN RIVER ........................ 49
Deployment of U.S. Forces in the Far East, June 1950 .... 49
The River Crossing ...................................... 52
ADCOM Abandons Suwon .................................... 55
VI. AMERICAN GROUND FORCES ENTER THE BATTLE ..................... 59
Task Force Smith Goes to Korea .......................... 60
Task Force Smith at Osan ................................ 65
VII. DELAYING ACTION: P'YONGT'AEK TO CHOCH'IWON ................. 77
The Retreat From P'yongt'aek ............................ 79
Night Battle at Ch'onan ................................. 82
The 21st Infantry Moves Up .............................. 88
The Fight at Chonui ..................................... 90
Choch'iwon .............................................. 96
VIII. IN THE CENTRAL MOUNTAINS AND ON THE EAST COAST ............ 101
Page xv
Chapter Page
IX. EIGHTH ARMY IN COMMAND ...................................... 109
General Walker Assumes Command in Korea ................. 110
Troop Training and Logistics ............................ 113
The Port of Pusan and Its Communications ................ 116
American Command Estimate ............................... 117
X. DISASTER AT THE KUM RIVER LINE ............................... 121
The N.K. 4th Division Crosses the Kum Below Kongju ...... 123
The 63d Field Artillery Battalion Overrun ............... 126
The N.K. 3d Division Crosses the Kum Against the 19th
Infantry ............................................. 130
Roadblock Behind the 19th Infantry ...................... 137
XI. TAEJON ...................................................... 146
Dean's Plan at Taejon ................................... 147
Taejon—The First Day .................................... 151
Taejon—The Second Day ................................... 155
Withdrawal From Taejon—Roadblock ........................ 164
The 24th Division After Taejon .......................... 179
XII. THE FRONT LINE MOVES SOUTH ................................. 182
Yongdok and the East Coastal Corridor ................... 182
Reorganization of the ROK Army .......................... 188
The U.S. 25th Division at Sangju ........................ 190
The 1st Cavalry Division Sails for Korea ................ 195
The 1st Cavalry Division Loses Yongdong ................. 197
The 27th Infantry's Baptism of Fire ..................... 199
Retreat ................................................. 203
"Stand or Die" .......................................... 205
XIII. THE ENEMY FLANKS EIGHTH ARMY IN THE WEST .................. 210
Walker Acts ............................................. 211
The Trap at Hadong ...................................... 215
The N.K. 4th Division Joins the Enveloping Move ......... 222
The N.K. 4th Division Seizes the Koch'ang Approach to
the Naktong .......................................... 225
Chinju Falls to the Enemy—31 July ....................... 227
Three Pershing Tanks at Chinju .......................... 231
Colonel Wilson Escapes With the 1st Battalion, 29th In-
fantry ............................................... 233
XIV. BLOCKING THE ROAD TO MASAN ................................. 285
The Two Roads to Masan .................................. 235
The Battle at the Notch ................................. 239
Colonel Check's Reconnaissance in Force Toward Chinju ... 242
The Affair at Chindong-ni ............................... 244
Page xvi
Chapter Page
XV. ESTABLISHING THE PUSAN PERIMETER ............................ 248
The 25th Division Moves South ........................... 248
United Nations Forces Withdraw Behind the Naktong ....... 249
The Pusan Perimeter ..................................... 252
U.S. Air Action and Build-up in the First Month ......... 255
Strength of the Opposing Forces at the Pusan Perimeter .. 262
XVI. THE FIRST AMERICAN COUNTERATTACK—TASK FORCE KEAN ........... 266
Who Attacks Whom? ....................................... 270
The 5th Marines on the Coastal Road ..................... 274
Bloody Gulch—Artillery Graveyard ........................ 276
Task Force Kean Ended ................................... 286
XVII. THE FIRST BATTLE OF THE NAKTONG BULGE ..................... 289
The Naktong Bulge ....................................... 290
The N.K. 4th Division Attacks Into the Naktong Bulge .... 291
The Enemy Gains Cloverleaf—Obong-ni ..................... 298
Yongsan Under Attack .................................... 302
Battle at Cloverleaf—Obong-ni ........................... 304
Marines Attack Obong-ni ................................. 310
24th Division Attack Gains Cloverleaf ................... 313
Obong-ni Falls .......................................... 315
The Enemy Bridgehead Destroyed .......................... 316
XVIII. BATTLE FOR THE EASTERN CORRIDOR TO PUSAN ................. 319
The Kyongju Corridor to Pusan ........................... 319
The North Koreans Reach P'ohang-dong .................... 320
The Air Force Abandons Yonil Airfield ................... 329
The ROK 3d Division Evacuated by Sea .................... 330
The North Koreans Turned Back From the Kyongju Corridor . 331
XIX. THE TAEGU FRONT ............................................ 334
The North Koreans Cross the Naktong for the Attack on
Taegu ................................................ 335
Triangulation Hill ...................................... 340
The Enemy 10th Division's Crossing at Yongp'o ........... 342
Hill 303 at Waegwan ..................................... 345
Tragedy on Hill 303 ..................................... 347
Carpet Bombing Opposite Waegwan ......................... 350
Bowling Alley—the Sangju-Taegu Corridor ................. 353
Page xvii
Chapter Page
XX. STALEMATE WEST OF MASAN ..................................... 364
The Southern Anchor of the Army Line .................... 364
The N.K 6th Division Regroups West of Masan ............. 365
Enemy Attacks at Komam-ni (Saga) ........................ 366
Battle Mountain ......................................... 368
XXI. AUGUST BUILD-UP AND SEPTEMBER PORTENTS ..................... 376
The Far East Air Forces in August ....................... 376
Ground Build-up ......................................... 379
Korean Augmentation to the United States Army ........... 385
Eighth Army Realignment and Extension Eastward .......... 389
The North Korean Plan ................................... 392

XXII. PERIMETER BATTLE .......................................... 397
Action in the East—Task Force Jackson ................... 397
Enemy Breakthrough at Yongch'on ......................... 408
Back on Taegu ........................................... 411
Crisis in Eighth Army Command ........................... 415
The 7th Cavalry's Withdrawal Battle ..................... 417
Troopers in the Mountains—Walled Ka-san ................. 421
Hill 314 ................................................ 432
XXIII. NORTH KOREAN BREAKTHROUGH IN THE SOUTH ................... 437
Midnight Near Masan ..................................... 438
Agok .................................................... 443
Task Force Manchu Misfires .............................. 446
The North Koreans Split the U.S. 2d Division ............ 448
General Walker's Decisions on 1 September ............... 451
XXIV. THE NORTH KOREAN GREAT NAKTONG OFFENSIVE .................. 454
The End of Task Force Manchu ............................ 456
The Battle of Yongsan ................................... 459
The 23d Infantry in Front of Changnyong ................. 466
A North Korean Puzzle ................................... 469
The 35th Infantry—The Rock of the Nam ................... 470
Counterattack at Haman .................................. 479
Battle Mountain and Sobuk-san ........................... 483

XXV. THE LANDING AT INCH'ON ..................................... 488
MacArthur's Early Plans ................................. 488
X Corps Troops Assembled ................................ 489
The Landing Controversy ................................. 492
Naval Plans ............................................. 497
Intelligence Estimate ................................... 500
The Ships Load Out ...................................... 501
Preliminary Bombardment ................................. 502
Securing the Inch'on Beachhead .......................... 503
Capture of Kimpo Airfield and Advance to the Han River .. 509

Page xviii

Chapter Page
XXVI. THE CAPTURE OF SEOUL ...................................... 515
The Capture of Yongdungp'o .............................. 516
Securing the Southern Flank ............................. 520
Seoul's Western Rampart ................................. 523
The 32d Infantry Enters Seoul ........................... 527
Battle of the Barricades ................................ 531
MacArthur Re-establishes Syngman Rhee in Seoul .......... 536
The Blocking Force South of Seoul ....................... 538
The X Corps Situation ................................... 540
XXVII. BREAKING THE CORDON ...................................... 542
The Eighth Army Plan .................................... 542
The Enemy Strength ...................................... 545
United Nations' Perimeter Strength ...................... 547
The 38th Infantry Crosses the Naktong ................... 548
The 5th Regimental Combat Team Captures Waegwan ......... 552
The 24th Division Deploys West of the Naktong ........... 554
The Indianhead Division Attacks West .................... 558
Encirclement Above Taegu ................................ 560
The Right Flank ......................................... 567
The Left Flank—The Enemy Withdraws From Sobuk-san ....... 568
XXVIII. PURSUIT AND EXPLOITATION ................................ 573
The 25th Division Crosses Southwest Korea ............... 574
The 2d Division Pushes West ............................. 579
Taejon Regained ......................................... 582
From Tabu-dong to Osan—Eighth Army Link-up With X Corps . 588
The ROK Army Arrives at the 38th Parallel ............... 598
The Invaders Expelled From South Korea .................. 600
XXIX. THE PLAN FOR COMPLETE VICTORY ............................. 607
MacArthur's Plan of Operations in North Korea ........... 609
Eighth Army Deploys for the Attack ...................... 612
The ROK I Corps Captures Wonsan and Hungnam ............. 614
The X Corps Prepares To Move Amphibiously to North-
east Korea ........................................... 618

XXX. EIGHTH ARMY AND X CORPS ENTER NORTH KOREA .................. 622
Eighth Army Crosses the Parallel—The Kumch'on Pocket .... 622
The X Corps Moves to Northeast Korea .................... 631
Mines at Wonsan Harbor .................................. 633
The X Corps Ashore ...................................... 635

XXXI. THE CAPTURE OF P'YONGYANG ................................. 638
The Logistical Situation ................................ 638
Sariwon Scramble ........................................ 640
Into P'yongyang ......................................... 646
Page xix

Chapter Page

XXXII. UP TO THE CH'ONGCH'ON .................................... 654
Airborne Attack: Sukch'on and Sunch'on .................. 654
The Enemy Blocking Force Destroyed ...................... 658
Death in the Evening .................................... 661
The Advance Continues ................................... 663

XXXIII. THE CHINESE INTERVENE ................................... 667
American Optimism at End of October ..................... 669
Continuation of the Pursuit ............................. 671
ROK Troops Reach the Yalu ............................... 672
Chinese Strike the ROK II Corps ......................... 673
Unsan—Prelude ........................................... 675
On the West Coastal Road ................................ 681
The X Corps' Changing Mission ........................... 684
The CCF Block Way to Changjin Reservoir ................. 686

XXXIV. UNSAN .................................................... 689
North of the Town ....................................... 691
Roadblock South of Town ................................. 696
Ordeal Near Camel's Head Bend ........................... 700

XXXV. EIGHTH ARMY HOLDS THE CH'ONGCH'ON BRIDGEHEAD .............. 709
Action North of the River ............................... 709
MIG's and Jets Over the Yalu ............................ 715

XXXVI. THE CHINESE APPRAISE THEIR FIRST PHASE KOREAN ACTION ..... 717

XXXVII. GUERRILLA WARFARE BEHIND THE FRONT ...................... 721

XXXVIII. THE X CORPS ADVANCES TO THE YALU ....................... 729
ROK I Corps Attacks up the Coastal Road ................. 729
U.S. 7th Infantry Division Reaches Manchurian Border .... 732
3d Infantry Division Joins X Corps ...................... 738
7th Marines Clear Road to Reservoir ..................... 741
The Gap Between Eighth Army and X Corps ................. 745
XXXIX. THE BIG QUESTION ......................................... 749
The Chinese Communist Forces ............................ 749
Eighth Army Estimate of CCF Intervention ................ 751
The X Corps Estimate .................................... 755
The Far East Command's and MacArthur's Estimates ........ 757
Actuality ............................................... 765
Conclusion .............................................. 769
The Pregnant Military Situation ......................... 770

Page xx

Chapter Page
SOURCES ......................................................... 777
GLOSSARY ........................................................ 779
BASIC MILITARY MAP SYMBOLS ...................................... 783

INDEX ........................................................... 785
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