The Global Community Yearbook is a one-stop resource for all researchers studying international law generally or international criminal tribunals specifically. This series is updated annually with two-volume editions of carefully chosen primary source material and corresponding expert commentary. The general editor, Professor Giuliana Ziccardi Capaldo, employs her vast expertise in international law to select excerpts from important court opinions and also to choose experts from around the world who contribute essay-guides to illuminate those cases. Although the main focus is recent case law from the major international tribunals and regional courts, the first volume of each year's edition always features expert articles by renowned scholars who address broader themes in international law, themes that appear throughout the case law of the many courts covered by the series as a whole. This 2007 edition of The Global Community Yearbook both updates readers on the important work of long-standing international tribunals and introduces readers to more novel topics in international law, such as the mens rea requirement for genocide and the liability of a state for aggravating the humanitarian crimes of state officials. The Yearbook has already established itself as the authoritative resource for research and guidance on the jurisprudence of both U.N.-based tribunals and regional courts. The 2007 edition of the Yearbook again fulfills that sterling reputation through expert coverage of not just criminal tribunals like the ones for Yugoslavia and Rwanda but also such economically-based tribunals as the International Court for the Settlement of Investment Disputes and the WTO Dispute Resolution panel. Far from merely continuing her valuable presentation of updated court-reportage, though, General Editor Giuliana Ziccardi Capaldo has this year solicited expert introductory essays by prominent scholars in the realm of international law. By including essays on topics as diverse and current as global health law and U.N. reform, Capaldo has this year expanded the scope of the Yearbook to provide guidance on issues beyond those that appear in courts and tribunals. The Global Community Yearbook has thus become not just an indispensable window to recent past jurisprudence: the series now also serves to prepare researchers for future international case law. This second volume of the 2007 edition of The Global Community Yearbook gives researchers an illuminating tour through the varied and dynamic law of regional and organizational courts, especially European ones. In the court opinion excerpts and expert commentary that fill this volume, researchers will find detailed guidance on a rich diversity of legal topics, such as whether a country's domestic economic emergencies can provide a defense to that country's violation of investment treaties and what special ethical standards a country must observe in detaining minors. On these questions and a host of others, this volume provides to students, scholars, and practitioners alike a valuable combination of expert discussion and direct quotes from the court opinions to which that discussion relates. The courts covered by this particular volume are: BLThe Court of First Instance of the European Communities BLThe Court of Justice of the European Communities BLThe European Court of Human Rights BLInter-American Court of Human Rights BLIran-United States Claims Tribunal BLInternational Centre for the Settlement of Investment Disputes