This volume addresses the topical interest in Islam, studying the process of its spread throughout the medieval world and the process of conversion to this religion and adoption of this cultural complex. The evidence is presented in a series of essay reports on archaeological approaches in current Islamic Archaeology. These papers are the result of a seminar that attempted a comparative analysis of widely different regions and periods, based on archaeological monuments or artifacts, exploring processes of adaptation or adjustment to local cultural complexes. Islam may be seen as a religion, political system, and cultural complex, a trinity of inseparable aspects. The introduction of these variable characteristics of islam, during initial contact and afterwards resulted in changes in indentity approached as a sort of 'cognitive' archaeology. In each specific case, the author assesses the nature of the pre-Islamic regional tradition, the resulting plurality of cultures as a 'multi-cultural' society, and finally a resultant normative condition as a regional or cosmopolitan culture. This exposure to unfamiliar subjects and archaeological perspectives offers a potential for more abstract, comparative modeling in future historical research. This volume contains essay reports by Jodi Magness on two villages near Jerusalem, Tracy Hoffam on the city of Ascalon, Yury Karev on Samarqand, Mark Horton on Shanga in East Africa, and Timothy Insoll on Gao in West Africa, as well as an introductory essay by the editor.