具体描述
Water Quality Engineering: Principles and Applications for Safe Supply A Comprehensive Guide to Modern Water Treatment Technologies and Management Book Description: This definitive text provides an in-depth exploration of the fundamental principles and practical applications underpinning contemporary water quality engineering. Moving beyond standard textbook material, this volume synthesizes the latest scientific understanding with real-world operational challenges facing municipal and industrial water treatment professionals today. The focus remains rigorously centered on the processes essential for producing safe, potable water while navigating complex regulatory landscapes and resource constraints. The book is structured logically, beginning with a thorough review of water quality parameters—including physicochemical characteristics, microbial contaminants, and emerging concerns like pharmaceuticals and endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs). It establishes the critical link between source water quality assessment and the subsequent design and operation of treatment trains. Part I: Fundamentals of Water Quality and Source Protection lays the groundwork by detailing the chemistry and biology relevant to water treatment. Coverage includes advanced topics in colloid and surface chemistry as they influence coagulation and flocculation mechanisms. A significant section is dedicated to the kinetics of natural organic matter (NOM) characterization, emphasizing the importance of understanding NOM fractions (hydrophobic, hydrophilic) for effective disinfection byproduct (DBP) precursor control. Biological principles are treated with rigor, addressing pathogen transport models and the ecology of biofilms within distribution systems. Source water protection strategies are examined, incorporating integrated watershed management approaches and the critical role of risk assessment in safeguarding raw water intakes. Part II: Conventional and Enhanced Treatment Processes offers detailed examinations of established and advanced unit operations. Coagulation and Flocculation: The text dissects the chemical kinetics and hydrodynamic forces governing particle destabilization and aggregation. It provides detailed guidance on selecting and optimizing coagulants (inorganic, organic polymers), including jar testing protocols and monitoring strategies for residual coagulant control. Process intensification techniques aimed at reducing chemical dosage and sludge production are discussed comprehensively. Sedimentation and Clarification: Principles of gravitational separation are explored, moving from basic Stokes’ Law applications to complex multi-phase flow modeling in settlers. High-rate clarification technologies, such as lamella plates and ballasted flocculation, are analyzed regarding their efficiency gains and footprint reduction capabilities. Filtration: This section offers a deep dive into granular media filtration, covering concepts of ripening, deep-bed filtration mechanisms, and head loss development. Alternative media—including dual-media and anthracite—are compared. Crucially, the management of filter backwash water and the minimization of turbidity breakthrough events receive focused attention, linking filtration performance directly to finished water quality standards. Part III: Disinfection and Oxidation Technologies addresses the core public health requirement of pathogen inactivation. Chlorination Chemistry: A detailed exploration of chlorine speciation (hypochlorous acid, hypochlorite ion) under varying pH and temperature conditions forms the basis for understanding inactivation kinetics against key pathogens like Cryptosporidium and Giardia. The text rigorously analyzes the formation, speciation, and regulation of regulated disinfection byproducts (DBPs), including trihalomethanes (THMs) and haloacetic acids (HAAs). Strategies for DBP precursor removal prior to disinfection are integrated throughout this section. Alternative Disinfectants: Comprehensive coverage is given to ultraviolet (UV) disinfection, including the principles of germicidal effectiveness based on fluence calculations and the challenges posed by shadow effects and fouling. Ozonation is examined not only as a disinfectant but also as a powerful oxidant for taste and odor control and NOM degradation, complete with reaction pathway analysis and engineering controls for ozone residuals. Peracetic acid (PAA) and chloramines as secondary disinfectants are also treated in depth. Part IV: Advanced Treatment for Contaminant Removal focuses on technologies addressing specific, challenging water quality issues beyond conventional treatment capabilities. Adsorption Processes: Granular Activated Carbon (GAC) and Powdered Activated Carbon (PAC) are analyzed based on isotherm and kinetic models (e.g., Freundlich, Langmuir). The operational dynamics of GAC contactors, including breakthrough curve prediction and the strategic implementation of alternative adsorption media (e.g., ion exchange resins for specific trace organics), are detailed. Regeneration technologies for spent carbon are also reviewed. Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs): This section moves beyond simple single-oxidant systems to explore synergistic processes like $ ext{UV}/ ext{H}_{2} ext{O}_{2}$, Ozonation/Peroxide, and Fenton reactions. The chemistry driving the generation and decay of the hydroxyl radical ($cdot ext{OH}$) is elucidated, focusing on their application for recalcitrant trace organic contaminants (pharmaceuticals, pesticides) and emerging pollutants, including their efficiency relative to energy consumption and oxidant demand. Ion Exchange (IX): The book details the theoretical basis of ion exchange resins, their selectivity coefficients, and kinetic behavior. Applications covered include the removal of specific inorganic contaminants like perchlorate, arsenic (as anions), and nitrates, contrasting them with conventional softening and iron/manganese removal. System regeneration design and management of spent brine streams are critical operational considerations discussed. Part V: Solids and Residuals Management recognizes that treatment efficacy directly correlates with the sustainability of managing non-product streams. Sludge Thickening and Dewatering: Physical and chemical conditioning methods for optimizing sludge dewaterability are presented. Detailed engineering analysis of gravity thickeners, centrifuges, and belt filter presses is provided, focusing on maximizing solids capture and minimizing process water recirculation. Stabilization and Disposal: Processes such as anaerobic digestion, aerobic stabilization, and chemical stabilization (lime addition) are covered, emphasizing pathogen reduction and mitigation of odor nuisances. Regulatory pathways for beneficial reuse (land application) versus landfill disposal are outlined, stressing compliance with heavy metal and pathogen standards. Part VI: Distribution System Integrity and Water Quality Maintenance shifts focus to the post-treatment environment. Corrosion Control: The principles of Langelier Saturation Index (LSI) and Stiff-Davenport diagrams are used to guide the selection of corrosion inhibitors (orthophosphates, silicates). Field monitoring techniques for establishing corrosivity indices and managing tuberculation are presented. Biofilm Control in Distribution Networks: The text addresses the formation and impact of microbial regrowth in pipes, including strategies for maintaining effective disinfectant residuals throughout the system while minimizing DBP formation potential. Tank cleaning protocols and water quality sampling schemes designed to detect opportunistic pathogens are thoroughly covered. Throughout the volume, case studies derived from actual utility operations are integrated to illustrate the translation of theory into robust engineering practice. Emphasis is placed on process control, monitoring instrumentation, and the application of multivariate statistical tools for optimizing complex, interdependent treatment trains. This book serves as an essential reference for practitioners, researchers, and advanced students committed to ensuring the reliable delivery of clean drinking water.
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