Preface and Acknowledgments ix
Chapter I: Translation Studies - Scope and Challenges 1
Introductory Remarks 1
History of Modern Translation Studies 2
The Task of Translation Studies 4
The Relevance of Translation Studies 5
Generative Theory and Translation Studies 15
The Concept of Creativity in Generative Theory 19
Text Linguistics and Translation 21
Chapter II: Theoretical and Empirical Aspects of Translation Studies 30
Introductory Remarks 30
Translation as Cognitive Behavior 37
Domains of Translation Intelligence 40
The Essence of Translation 41
Translation as Problem-Solving Activity 47
Translation Creativity 48
Translation and Intuition 54
Chapter III: Translation as Knowledge-Based Activity 57
Introductory Remarks 57
Schematic Organization of Knowledge 60
Schema Concept and Text Type Linguistics 63
Psychological Reality of Schemata 69
Schema Theory and Translator Performance 71
Domain-Specificity 72
Relevance of Knowledge Frames for Translation 75
Chapter IV: Context, Culture, Compensation. Three basic orientations in translation 78
Introductory Remarks 78
Context 79
Culture 84
Compensation 91
Originality vs. Automaticization 94
Speed 97
Pedagogical Implications 100
Chapter V: Translation as Meaning-Based Information Processing 104
Introductory Remarks 104
Gradience 107
Complexity 108
Conventionality 110
Schematicity 113
Economy 115
Predictability 117
Chapter VI: The Translation Process and Translation Procedures 122
Introductory Remarks 104
The Translation Process 123
Translation Procedures 127
Literal Translation vs. Non-Literal Translation 128
Implications for Translation Practice 137
Chapter VII: The Role of the Translator in the Translation Process 139
Introductory Remarks 139
The Social Role of the Translator 143
Mental Prerequisites of the Translator 144
Rule-Governed Behavior 145
Translation Skills 147
Translation Strategies 154
Translation Method 155
Translation Techniques 155
Chapter VIII: Discourse Linguistics and Translation 158
Introductory Remarks 158
The Subjectivity/Objectivity Issue 161
Text Patterning 162
Speech Functions 163
Text and Discourse 165
Central and Peripheral Text Features 166
Stylistic Problems in Translation 171
Sensitivity to Text 172
Chapter IX: Translation as Decision-Making and Choice 174
Introductory Remarks 174
Macrocontext vs. Microcontext 176
Decision Theory and Translation Studies 177
The Principle of "Tertium Datur" 179
Relevance of Decision-making for Translation 182
Central Aspects of Translation Decision-making 184
Decision-Making Rules vs. Decision-making Heuristics 185
Multiple-Stage Decision-making 187
Decision-making and Translation Practice 190
Chapter X: Translation Teaching. A practice-oriented approach 192
Introductory Remarks 192
Knowledge and Translation Teaching 195
Task Specification 197
Discussion of Parallel Texts 199
How to Train Translators 203
Teaching Goals 205
Conclusion 211
Chapter XI: Human Translation and Machine Translation. A comparison 212
Introductory Remarks 212
Human and Machine Approaches in Translation 216
Development of Machine Translation Research 218
Syntactic Complexity 220
Semantic and Syntactico-Semantic Ambiguity 221
Depth of Analysis 222
Syntagmatic Analysis 223
Full Sentence Analysis 224
Textual Level of Analysis 225
MT Transfer 225
Collocational Constraints 226
Future Prospects 230
Conclusion 231
Bibliography 233
Author Index 250
Subject Index 254
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