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Preface ix
Acknowledgements xi
Symbols for Transcribing English xiii
IPA Chart xiv
1 Starting phonetics 1
1.1 What we already know 1
1.2 Three types of phonetics 8
1.3 Accents and attitudes 11
1.4 Phonetics and phonology 12
1.5 Summary 13
Ear-training 14
Further Reading 14
2 The role of the larynx 15
2.1 What is the larynx? 15
2.2 The larynx and voice 18
2.3 The larynx as a place of articulation 27
2.4 The larynx as a pitch modulator 28
2.5 Voice and the IPA chart 28
2.6 Summary 29
Ear-training 30
Further reading 30
3 Place of articulation 31
3.1 The organs of speech 31
3.2 The primary places of articulation 34
3.3 The IPA chart 38
3.4 Other place-associated variables 44
3.5 Summary 46
Ear-training 46
Further reading 47
vi Contents
4 Manner of articulation 48
4.1 Directing airfl ow 48
4.2 Representing consonants 50
4.3 Manner of articulation 52
4.4 Double and secondary articulations 65
4.5 Summary 66
Ear-training 66
Further reading 67
5 Airstream mechanisms 68
5.1 Pulmonic airstream mechanisms 68
5.2 Glottalic airstream mechanisms 69
5.3 Velaric airstream mechanisms 75
5.4 Summary 83
Ear-training 83
Further reading 83
6 Describing vowels 84
6.1 Basic parameters of vowel description 84
6.2 Representing vowels 87
6.3 The IPA chart vowel diagram 96
6.4 Learning and remembering the sounds 99
6.5 Summary 101
Ear-training 101
Further reading 101
7 Further parameters of variation in vowels 102
7.1 Quantity 102
7.2 Complexity 108
7.3 Other tongue gestures 116
7.4 Further parameters of variation 117
7.5 Summary 118
Ear-training 119
Further reading 119
8 Further parameters of variation in consonants 120
8.1 Further contributions by the vocal folds 120
8.2 Further variations based on place of articulation 131
8.3 Further variations affecting manner of articulation 134
8.4 Duration in consonants 141
8.5 Summary 142
Ear-training 143
Further reading 143
Contents vii
9 Connected speech – segment dynamics 144
9.1 Phonetic transcription and acoustic cues 144
9.2 Coarticulation 151
9.3 Summary 157
Ear-training 158
Further reading 158
10 Beyond the segment 159
10.1 Suprasegmentals 159
10.2 Stress 159
10.3 Accent 168
10.4 Tone 173
10.5 Intonation 178
10.6 Summary 181
Ear-training 181
Further reading 182
Answers to exercises 183
Bibliography 209
Language index 215
World Englishes index 220
Subject index 221
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