具体描述
跨越地域的健康工程：热带地区环境健康的挑战与创新 本书深入剖析了在热带气候条件下，人类与环境互动所产生的健康挑战，并系统地探讨了与之相适应的环境健康工程解决方案。从地理、气候的独特视角出发，本书揭示了热带地区在饮用水安全、卫生设施、疾病传播控制、空气质量管理、废弃物处理以及可持续居住环境构建等方面所面临的复杂问题。 饮用水安全与卫生：热带地区的生命线 在热带地区，充沛的降雨和湿热的气候条件，为微生物的滋生提供了天然温床，也使得水源受到污染的风险倍增。本书详细阐述了如何从源头控制饮用水污染，包括保护水源地、优化集水系统设计，以及在社区层面推广安全有效的饮用水处理技术，如太阳能消毒、过滤技术和化学消毒方法。对于缺乏基础设施的地区，书中重点介绍了易于获取、成本低廉的家庭用水净化方案，并强调了提高公众对安全饮用水重要性的认识的重要性。 同时，卫生设施的普及和有效性是预防疾病传播的关键。本书深入研究了适合热带地区使用的各类卫生解决方案，包括改良型旱厕、改良型化粪池以及水冲式卫生系统在不同条件下的适用性。书中特别关注了如何设计和管理能够有效处理人类排泄物的系统，以防止病原体通过土壤和水体传播，从而降低肠道传染病的发生率。此外，本书还探讨了个人卫生习惯的推广，以及如何将这些实践融入到社区卫生网络中。 疾病传播的克星：环境工程的介入 热带地区是许多媒介传播疾病（如疟疾、登革热、寨卡病毒等）的高发区。本书系统性地分析了这些疾病与环境因素之间的密切联系，并重点介绍了环境健康工程在疾病传播控制中的关键作用。这包括： 媒介控制： 通过科学的城市规划和社区设计，减少蚊虫滋生场所，例如改善排水系统，消除积水点。书中详细介绍了物理屏障（如纱窗）、生物防治方法（如引入食蚊鱼）以及适宜的化学控制策略。 病媒监测与风险评估： 强调了建立有效的病媒监测系统的重要性，以识别高风险区域和关键的传播节点。书中提供了数据收集、分析和风险评估的方法，为制定针对性的干预措施提供科学依据。 家园环境改造： 探讨了如何通过改良居住环境来降低病媒接触，例如优化房屋结构以减少蚊虫进入、改善室内通风、以及推广使用蚊帐等。 空气质量与废弃物管理：构建可持续的居住环境 热带地区的空气质量受到多种因素的影响，包括生物质燃料的使用、工业排放以及自然因素（如沙尘暴）。本书分析了这些因素对居民呼吸系统健康的潜在威胁，并提出了相应的环境健康工程对策。这包括推广清洁能源、改进烹饪设备、以及制定和实施有效的空气污染控制政策。书中还探讨了室内空气质量监测和改善的技术，特别是针对家庭内部环境的改造。 废弃物管理在热带地区是一个严峻的挑战，不当的废弃物处理不仅污染环境，还会成为病媒滋生的温床。本书全面审视了热带地区各类废弃物的特点（包括生活垃圾、医疗废弃物和工业废弃物），并提出了多种可持续的废弃物管理策略。这包括源头减量、分类收集、堆肥处理、厌氧消化以及安全填埋等技术。书中特别关注了如何在资源有限的条件下，设计和实施经济高效且环境友好的废弃物处理方案，并强调了社区参与和公众教育在废弃物管理中的关键作用。 韧性与适应：面向未来的热带环境健康 随着气候变化带来的影响日益显著，热带地区面临的健康挑战也更加复杂。本书的前瞻性研究探讨了如何通过环境健康工程来增强社区对气候变化相关风险的韧性，例如应对极端天气事件（如洪水、干旱）对供水和卫生系统的影响，以及评估气候变化对病媒传播模式的潜在改变。书中强调了适应性设计的重要性，以及如何将长期可持续发展的理念融入到环境健康工程的实践中。 总而言之，本书为研究人员、政策制定者、工程师以及所有关注热带地区环境健康的人们提供了一个全面而深入的视角。它不仅梳理了当前面临的挑战，更重要的是，它提供了一系列创新、实用且具有前瞻性的解决方案，旨在改善热带地区居民的健康状况，促进人与环境的和谐共生。通过跨学科的融合与实践，热带地区的环境健康工程正朝着更加可持续和富有韧性的未来迈进。
作者简介
目录信息
Cover
Half Title
Series Information
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of contents
Preface to the first edition
Preface to the second edition
Preface to the third edition
Acknowledgements
Part I Health and pollution
Chapter 1 Engineering and infectious disease
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Water-related infections
Classification of transmission mechanisms
1. Water-borne route
2. Water-washed route
3. Water-based route
4. Insect vector route
Classification of infections
I. Faecal–oral diseases (non-bacterial)
1.3 Excreta-related infections
Latency and persistence
Conclusions
1.4 Refuse-related infections
1.5 Housing-related infections
1.6 Public and domestic domains
1.7 Summary
1.8 References
1.9 Further reading
Chapter 2 Health and water chemistry
2.1 Introduction
2.2 The absence of necessary chemicals
2.3 Harmful organics
Environmental pollution by the oil industry
2.4 Harmful inorganics
2.5 References
2.6 Further reading
Chapter 3 Water quality and standards
3.1 Drinking water quality
Microbiological characteristics
Microbiological tests
Microbiological standards
Chemical and physical characteristics
3.2 Wastewater quality
Introduction
Suspended solids
Oxygen demand
Pathogenic micro-organisms
Toxic chemicals
Effluent quality and disposal
3.3 Industrial wastes
The problem
Control
3.4 Bathing water quality
3.5 Irrigation water quality
3.6 Water quality and fish
3.7 Water quality standards and QMRA
3.8 References
3.9 Further reading
Part II Water supply
Chapter 4 Water supplies in low and middle income countries
4.1 The haves and the have nots
4.2 Operation and maintenance
4.3 Appropriate technology
4.4 Benefits
Production
Health
Time and energy savings, and their money value
4.5 Cost recovery and the private sector
4.6 Rural supplies and self-help
4.7 Self-supply
4.8 Hygiene promotion
4.9 Evaluation
4.10 Climate change and integrated water resource management
4.11 References
4.12 Further reading
Chapter 5 Rural water supply
5.1 Breakdowns and technology
Design for maintenance
5.2 Sources of water
Protected springs
Wells
Pollution of wells and boreholes
Well disinfection
5.3 Raising water
Hand power
Natural sources of power
Motor pumps
5.4 Storage
5.5 Treatment in a rural context
Storage
Sedimentation
Filtration and chlorination
Removal of minerals and salts
Household water treatment
5.6 Water distribution
Individual connections
Public water points
5.7 References
5.8 Further reading
Chapter 6 Urban water supply and water treatment
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Coagulation and sedimentation
Fluoride and arsenic removal
6.3 Filtration
6.4 Disinfection
Chlorine demand
Free residuals
Combined residuals
The breakpoint
Chlorine dose
Control of the dose
Testing for chlorine
Sources of chlorine
The application of chlorine
6.5 Distribution
6.6 Water demand management
Tariff policy
Water-saving taps and fittings
Consumer education and information
6.7 References
6.8 Further reading
Part III Excreta and refuse
Chapter 7 Excreta disposal in low and middle income countries
7.1 The haves and have nots
7.2 The evolving agenda of sanitation for the poor
7.3 Cities and the need for hygienic management of faecal sludge
7.4 Relative costs of sanitation systems
Subsidy
7.5 References
7.6 Further reading
Chapter 8 Types of excreta disposal system
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Pit latrines
8.3 VIP latrines
8.4 Difficulties with pit latrines
Flooding
Rocky ground
Sand
Water contamination
Nitrate accumulation
8.5 Pour-flush toilets
8.6 Vault toilets and cartage
8.7 Septic tanks
8.8 Small-bore sewers
Simplified sewerage
8.9 Other systems
Bucket latrines, and their renaissance as container-based sanitation
Aqua privies
Cesspools
Compost toilet
8.10 Communal latrines
8.11 Soil conditions
8.12 Soakaway designs
8.13 Personal hygiene
8.14 Sullage disposal
8.15 Nightsoil and sludge re-use and disposal
Agriculture
Aquaculture
Energy
Disposal
8.16 Water availability
8.17 References
8.18 Further reading
Chapter 9 Planning a sanitation programme
9.1 Programme context and content
Context
Content
9.2 Sanitation marketing
The four Ps of marketing
Product
Price
Place
Promotion
The process of sanitation marketing
1) Win consensus
2) Learn about the market
3) Overcome barriers, promote demand
4) Develop the right products
5) Develop a thriving industry
6) Regulate waste transport and final disposal
9.3 Choice of system
9.4 Social factors
The extension system
9.5 Costs
Economic costs
Financial costs
9.6 Operation and maintenance
9.7 Incremental sanitation
9.8 References
9.9 Further reading
Chapter 10 Wastewater treatment
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Waste characteristics
10.3 Waste stabilisation ponds
Anaerobic ponds
Facultative ponds
Maturation ponds
High-rate ponds
Bacterial reduction
Helminth egg removal
Location
Design features
Pre-treatment
Pond maintenance
Troubleshooting and remedial measures
10.4 Aerated lagoons
10.5 Oxidation ditches
10.6 Pathogen removal
10.7 Sewage workers’ health
10.8 References
10.9 Further reading
Chapter 11 Surface water drainage
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Town planning implications
11.3 Technical aspects
Resources
Objectives
Channels
Sediment
Solid waste management and maintenance
Realistic enforcement
Organisation
11.4 Institutional aspects
11.5 References
11.6 Further reading
Chapter 12 Solid waste management
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Waste characteristics
12.3 Hazards of refuse mismanagement
12.4 Storage and collection
Vehicles and transfer
12.5 Treatment and disposal
Sanitary landfill
Incineration
Composting
Choice of method
12.6 References
12.7 Further reading
Chapter 13 Composting
13.1 Aerobic and anaerobic composting
13.2 Techniques
Forced aeration
13.3 Carbon/nitrogen.ratio
13.4 Problems of composting
13.5 Individual composting toilets
13.6 References
13.7 Further reading
Chapter 14 Health aspects of waste use
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Health and agricultural use
14.3 Health and fish farming
1) Passive transference of pathogens by fish
2) Transmission of helminths
3) The risk to fishery workers of schistosomiasis
14.4 References
14.5 Further reading
Part IV Environmental modifications and vector-borne diseases
Chapter 15 Engineering control of insect-borne diseases
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Mosquito-borne diseases
Malaria
1) Chemotherapy of infected people
2) Killing of adult mosquitoes
3) Treatment or elimination of breeding sites
Filariasis
Yellow fever, dengue and other arboviruses
15.3 Fly-borne diseases
Sleeping sickness
Onchocerciasis
Leishmaniasis
Loiasis
Mechanical transmission
15.4 Chagas disease and bugs
15.5 Lice, fleas, ticks and mites
15.6 Conclusions
15.7 References
15.8 Further reading
Chapter 16 Dams, irrigation and health
16.1 General considerations
Planning for health
The construction phase
Displaced persons
Agricultural workers
Changes in the local ecosystem which affect disease patterns
16.2 Onchocerciasis
16.3 Malaria
16.4 Arboviral infections
16.5 Bancroftian and Malayan filariasis
16.6 Spillways and reservoir release policies
Onchocerciasis and reservoir release
Siphon spillways
16.7 References
16.8 Further reading
Chapter 17 Schistosomiasis
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Water supply and sanitation
Water supply
Excreta disposal
17.3 Schistosome removal from water and wastes
Cercariae in water treatment
Eggs and miracidia in sewage treatment
17.4 Specific engineering and environmental methods in schistosomiasis control
Reduction of human–water contact
Appropriate channel design
Drainage
Irrigation practices
Barriers
Level fluctuations
Assistance to chemical control of snails
Miscellaneous measures
17.5 References
17.6 Further reading
Appendix A: Biological classification conventions
Appendix B: Glossary
Appendix C: Checklist of water-related and excreta-related diseases
Appendix D: A brief primer on urban mosquito control
Appendix E: Units
Index
· · · · · · (收起)
Half Title
Series Information
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of contents
Preface to the first edition
Preface to the second edition
Preface to the third edition
Acknowledgements
Part I Health and pollution
Chapter 1 Engineering and infectious disease
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Water-related infections
Classification of transmission mechanisms
1. Water-borne route
2. Water-washed route
3. Water-based route
4. Insect vector route
Classification of infections
I. Faecal–oral diseases (non-bacterial)
1.3 Excreta-related infections
Latency and persistence
Conclusions
1.4 Refuse-related infections
1.5 Housing-related infections
1.6 Public and domestic domains
1.7 Summary
1.8 References
1.9 Further reading
Chapter 2 Health and water chemistry
2.1 Introduction
2.2 The absence of necessary chemicals
2.3 Harmful organics
Environmental pollution by the oil industry
2.4 Harmful inorganics
2.5 References
2.6 Further reading
Chapter 3 Water quality and standards
3.1 Drinking water quality
Microbiological characteristics
Microbiological tests
Microbiological standards
Chemical and physical characteristics
3.2 Wastewater quality
Introduction
Suspended solids
Oxygen demand
Pathogenic micro-organisms
Toxic chemicals
Effluent quality and disposal
3.3 Industrial wastes
The problem
Control
3.4 Bathing water quality
3.5 Irrigation water quality
3.6 Water quality and fish
3.7 Water quality standards and QMRA
3.8 References
3.9 Further reading
Part II Water supply
Chapter 4 Water supplies in low and middle income countries
4.1 The haves and the have nots
4.2 Operation and maintenance
4.3 Appropriate technology
4.4 Benefits
Production
Health
Time and energy savings, and their money value
4.5 Cost recovery and the private sector
4.6 Rural supplies and self-help
4.7 Self-supply
4.8 Hygiene promotion
4.9 Evaluation
4.10 Climate change and integrated water resource management
4.11 References
4.12 Further reading
Chapter 5 Rural water supply
5.1 Breakdowns and technology
Design for maintenance
5.2 Sources of water
Protected springs
Wells
Pollution of wells and boreholes
Well disinfection
5.3 Raising water
Hand power
Natural sources of power
Motor pumps
5.4 Storage
5.5 Treatment in a rural context
Storage
Sedimentation
Filtration and chlorination
Removal of minerals and salts
Household water treatment
5.6 Water distribution
Individual connections
Public water points
5.7 References
5.8 Further reading
Chapter 6 Urban water supply and water treatment
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Coagulation and sedimentation
Fluoride and arsenic removal
6.3 Filtration
6.4 Disinfection
Chlorine demand
Free residuals
Combined residuals
The breakpoint
Chlorine dose
Control of the dose
Testing for chlorine
Sources of chlorine
The application of chlorine
6.5 Distribution
6.6 Water demand management
Tariff policy
Water-saving taps and fittings
Consumer education and information
6.7 References
6.8 Further reading
Part III Excreta and refuse
Chapter 7 Excreta disposal in low and middle income countries
7.1 The haves and have nots
7.2 The evolving agenda of sanitation for the poor
7.3 Cities and the need for hygienic management of faecal sludge
7.4 Relative costs of sanitation systems
Subsidy
7.5 References
7.6 Further reading
Chapter 8 Types of excreta disposal system
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Pit latrines
8.3 VIP latrines
8.4 Difficulties with pit latrines
Flooding
Rocky ground
Sand
Water contamination
Nitrate accumulation
8.5 Pour-flush toilets
8.6 Vault toilets and cartage
8.7 Septic tanks
8.8 Small-bore sewers
Simplified sewerage
8.9 Other systems
Bucket latrines, and their renaissance as container-based sanitation
Aqua privies
Cesspools
Compost toilet
8.10 Communal latrines
8.11 Soil conditions
8.12 Soakaway designs
8.13 Personal hygiene
8.14 Sullage disposal
8.15 Nightsoil and sludge re-use and disposal
Agriculture
Aquaculture
Energy
Disposal
8.16 Water availability
8.17 References
8.18 Further reading
Chapter 9 Planning a sanitation programme
9.1 Programme context and content
Context
Content
9.2 Sanitation marketing
The four Ps of marketing
Product
Price
Place
Promotion
The process of sanitation marketing
1) Win consensus
2) Learn about the market
3) Overcome barriers, promote demand
4) Develop the right products
5) Develop a thriving industry
6) Regulate waste transport and final disposal
9.3 Choice of system
9.4 Social factors
The extension system
9.5 Costs
Economic costs
Financial costs
9.6 Operation and maintenance
9.7 Incremental sanitation
9.8 References
9.9 Further reading
Chapter 10 Wastewater treatment
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Waste characteristics
10.3 Waste stabilisation ponds
Anaerobic ponds
Facultative ponds
Maturation ponds
High-rate ponds
Bacterial reduction
Helminth egg removal
Location
Design features
Pre-treatment
Pond maintenance
Troubleshooting and remedial measures
10.4 Aerated lagoons
10.5 Oxidation ditches
10.6 Pathogen removal
10.7 Sewage workers’ health
10.8 References
10.9 Further reading
Chapter 11 Surface water drainage
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Town planning implications
11.3 Technical aspects
Resources
Objectives
Channels
Sediment
Solid waste management and maintenance
Realistic enforcement
Organisation
11.4 Institutional aspects
11.5 References
11.6 Further reading
Chapter 12 Solid waste management
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Waste characteristics
12.3 Hazards of refuse mismanagement
12.4 Storage and collection
Vehicles and transfer
12.5 Treatment and disposal
Sanitary landfill
Incineration
Composting
Choice of method
12.6 References
12.7 Further reading
Chapter 13 Composting
13.1 Aerobic and anaerobic composting
13.2 Techniques
Forced aeration
13.3 Carbon/nitrogen.ratio
13.4 Problems of composting
13.5 Individual composting toilets
13.6 References
13.7 Further reading
Chapter 14 Health aspects of waste use
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Health and agricultural use
14.3 Health and fish farming
1) Passive transference of pathogens by fish
2) Transmission of helminths
3) The risk to fishery workers of schistosomiasis
14.4 References
14.5 Further reading
Part IV Environmental modifications and vector-borne diseases
Chapter 15 Engineering control of insect-borne diseases
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Mosquito-borne diseases
Malaria
1) Chemotherapy of infected people
2) Killing of adult mosquitoes
3) Treatment or elimination of breeding sites
Filariasis
Yellow fever, dengue and other arboviruses
15.3 Fly-borne diseases
Sleeping sickness
Onchocerciasis
Leishmaniasis
Loiasis
Mechanical transmission
15.4 Chagas disease and bugs
15.5 Lice, fleas, ticks and mites
15.6 Conclusions
15.7 References
15.8 Further reading
Chapter 16 Dams, irrigation and health
16.1 General considerations
Planning for health
The construction phase
Displaced persons
Agricultural workers
Changes in the local ecosystem which affect disease patterns
16.2 Onchocerciasis
16.3 Malaria
16.4 Arboviral infections
16.5 Bancroftian and Malayan filariasis
16.6 Spillways and reservoir release policies
Onchocerciasis and reservoir release
Siphon spillways
16.7 References
16.8 Further reading
Chapter 17 Schistosomiasis
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Water supply and sanitation
Water supply
Excreta disposal
17.3 Schistosome removal from water and wastes
Cercariae in water treatment
Eggs and miracidia in sewage treatment
17.4 Specific engineering and environmental methods in schistosomiasis control
Reduction of human–water contact
Appropriate channel design
Drainage
Irrigation practices
Barriers
Level fluctuations
Assistance to chemical control of snails
Miscellaneous measures
17.5 References
17.6 Further reading
Appendix A: Biological classification conventions
Appendix B: Glossary
Appendix C: Checklist of water-related and excreta-related diseases
Appendix D: A brief primer on urban mosquito control
Appendix E: Units
Index
· · · · · · (收起)
读后感
用户评价
我最近一直在关注全球气候变化对环境健康的影响，尤其是在一些基础设施相对薄弱的地区。这本书的标题——“Environmental Health Engineering in the Tropics”——立刻击中了我关注的焦点。我设想，它可能会深入探讨热带地区特有的环境挑战，比如疟疾、登革热等虫媒传染病的防控，以及如何在高温高湿的环境下确保饮用水的安全和污水处理的有效性。我特别好奇的是，这本书是否会提供一些创新的、适应性强的工程解决方案，这些方案不仅要解决眼前的健康问题，还要考虑到可持续性和当地社区的实际情况。我希望能从中学习到更多关于如何在资源有限但挑战巨大的环境中，运用工程学知识来改善人们的生活质量，构建更具韧性的社区。这本书的出现，对我来说，就像是一束照亮未知领域的光。
作为一名在城市规划领域工作多年的从业者，我深知环境健康工程在城市发展中的基石作用。虽然我常年工作于相对发达的地区，但“Environmental Health Engineering in the Tropics”这个书名还是引起了我的极大兴趣。我推测，这本书会为我提供一个全新的视角，让我去理解在不同地理和文化背景下的环境健康工程实践。热带地区独特的自然条件，如强降雨、季风、丰富的生物多样性，无疑会给工程设计带来一系列意想不到的挑战。我猜测书中会详细介绍如何应对这些挑战，例如如何设计能够抵御洪水和强风的供水和排水系统，如何处理大量降雨带来的废水，以及如何平衡生态保护与人类健康的需求。我非常期待能从中汲取一些跨文化的工程智慧，拓宽我的职业视野。
天呐，这本书的封面设计简直太有品味了！那深邃的绿色背景，点缀着抽象的热带植物轮廓，再配上那简洁有力的书名字体，一看就知道这绝对是一本厚重又专业的著作。我还没翻开书页，光是看封面，就已经被它深深吸引住了。我脑海里立刻浮现出那些充满生机、但也伴随着挑战的热带景象，例如在炎炎烈日下辛勤工作的工程师，或者是被雨季淹没的社区。这本书似乎预示着它将带我深入了解在这样独特环境中，如何运用工程学原理来解决那些关乎民生健康的关键问题。我迫不及待地想知道，作者会如何将枯燥的工程技术与充满活力的热带风情巧妙地融合在一起，打造出一本既有科学深度又不失人文关怀的读物。我期待它能成为我书架上的一颗璀璨明珠，每次翻阅都能带来新的启发和思考。
我最近正在研究关于公共卫生政策的有效性，尤其是那些旨在改善低收入国家人民生活条件的措施。这本书——“Environmental Health Engineering in the Tropics”——听起来像是对此领域的一个非常有价值的补充。我猜想，它可能会详细阐述在热带地区，具体的工程干预措施是如何直接或间接地影响居民的健康水平的。例如，改善社区的供水系统，是不是能显著降低腹泻病的发生率？有效的垃圾处理设施，又会对降低疾病传播起到多大的作用？我特别希望能看到一些案例分析，通过具体的项目展示，来证明这些工程措施的实际成效。此外，我也好奇书中是否会探讨工程解决方案的成本效益，以及如何吸引和利用当地资源来实施和维护这些项目。这对我理解“授人以鱼不如授人以渔”的公共卫生理念，将是极大的帮助。
我是一名环境科学专业的学生，在学习过程中，我发现很多教材在探讨全球环境问题时，往往倾向于从宏观层面入手，或者侧重于温带地区的案例。因此，“Environmental Health Engineering in the Tropics”这个标题对我来说，简直像打开了一扇新的窗户。我设想，这本书会提供一个非常具体的、聚焦于特定地理区域的环境健康工程解决方案。我期待它能深入剖析热带地区特有的环境卫生挑战，比如如何在高温高湿的环境下有效控制病媒的滋生，如何设计和维护能够适应季风气候的卫生设施，以及如何通过工程手段来应对由于快速城市化和人口增长带来的环境压力。我希望能从中学习到一些实际的工程技术和管理方法，这些知识不仅能帮助我更好地理解热带地区的环境健康问题，也能为我未来的学术研究和职业发展打下坚实的基础。
