The modern world holds many hazards. Even as some of the hazards of living are reduced by technological advances in medicine and other areas, many nevertheless remain and new hazards are continually introduced. Held by the Collegium Ramazzini, an international academy of scientists who are experts in the fields of occupational and environmental health, this conference will consider in particular the carcinogenic risks present in the general and occupational environment. Many risks are still present in the workplace and the general environment in spite of our long awareness of them. This meeting will serve to update our knowledge of these risks in order to define the scientific bases for more stringent regulations and more effective prevention. The results of studies on hazardous agents and situations brought about by recent technological innovations and new life styles will be presented. New strategies for prevention will be suggested for protection from those risks. Data on the diffusion of carcinogenic hazards from the industrially developed to the developing nations will be evaluated. Scientific tools now available for prevention will be reviewed, and, where necessary, the strategies for protection from risk will be determined. Hazardous waste, the risks of nanoparticles, endocrine disrupters, prenatal environmental exposures and developmental outcomes, human exposure to environmental hazards in the World Trade Center aftermath, and the social and economic perspectives on environmental and occupational diseases will be discussed. NOTE: Annals volumes are available for sale as individual books or as a journal. For information on institutional journal subscriptions, please visit www.blackwellpublishing.com/nyas. ACADEMY MEMBERS: Please contact the New York Academy of Sciences directly to place your order (www.nyas.org). Members of the New York Academy of Science receive full-text access to the Annals online and discounts on print volumes. Please visit http://www.nyas.org/MemberCenter/Join.aspx for more information about becoming a member