All papers were peer reviewed. Modern Trends in Physics Research MTPR-06, took place at the Cairo Luxor in Egypt from April 6-11, 2006 and was the second of the International Conference series to be carried out biannually by the Physics Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University. The purpose of the conference was to view an advanced picture of the activities in some branches of the physics domain in the last two years after the MTPR-04 conference. The results presented at the MTPR-06 conference were an astonishing display of new and extremely breakthrough experimental and theoretical discoveries in physics, in both its applied branches and technological aspects. This proceeding highlights the contributions presented at the conference. It provides some detailed accounts of the latest results in the fields of atomic, molecular, condensed matter, lasers, nuclear, particle and astrophysics. The papers and some of the review articles have been written by international and national experts in these fields and should serve as reference material to scientists already wishing to get into the aspects of modern physics and technology of the twenty first century. This conference proceedings contains ten sectors, the first consists of the Honorary Keynote Overview "Coaxing Cell to Cajoling Condensates: The Many Uses of Optical Forces" by Kristian Helmerson of NIST, Gaithersburg, USA. The other chapters cover each of the topics which formed the theme of the conference. Each chapter opens with keynote, plenary, and invited presentations followed by contributed papers.