具体描述
Global warming and human-driven impacts are changing the World’s ecological zones. This book applies the principles described in Bailey’s Ecosystem Geography: From Ecoregions to Sites, 2nd ed. (Springer 2009, 1st ed. 1996) to describe and characterize the major terrestrial and aquatic ecological zones of the Earth. Bailey’s system for classifying these zones has been adopted by major organizations such as the U.S. Forest Service and The Nature Conservancy and this book is a significant contribution to a long tradition of classifying and studying the world’s ecological regions or ecoregions. It includes two color maps that show the major ecoregions of the continents and oceans. Also included are: - 106 illustrations with 55 in full color - A new chapter on mountains is included. - There are new sections that address concerns about how eco regions are changing under the relentless influence of humans and climate change - Another new feature is the discussion of using eco regional patterns to transfer research results and select sites for detecting climate change effects on ecosystem distribution - Use of ecoregional patterns to design monitoring networks and sustainable landscapes - Fire regimes in different regional ecosystems and their management implications.
作者简介
目录信息
1.1 Concepts of Ecosystem Regions, or Ecoregions . . . . . 1
1.2 Need for a Comparative System of Generic Regions . . . . 2
1.3 The Process of Defining . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.4 The Role of Climate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.5 Macroclimate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.6 Advantages of the Ecoclimatic Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2 Oceanic Types and Their Controls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2.1 Factors Controlling Ocean Hydrology . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2.1.1 Latitude . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2.1.2 Major Wind Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2.1.3 Precipitation and Evaporation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
2.2 Types of Hydrologic Regions, or Oceanic Ecoregions . . . 12
2.2.1 Dietrich’s Oceanographic Classification . . . . . . . . 12
2.3 Distribution of the Oceanic Regions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
3 Ecoregions of the Oceans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
3.1 500 Polar Domain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
3.1.1 510 Inner Polar Division . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
3.1.2 520 Outer Polar Division . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
3.2 600 Temperate Domain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
3.2.1 610 Poleward Westerlies Division and 620
Equatorward Westerlies Division . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
3.2.2 630 Subtropical Division . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
3.2.3 640 High-Salinity Subtropical Division . . . . . . . . 20
3.2.4 650 Jet Stream Division . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
3.2.5 660 Poleward Monsoon Division . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
3.3 700 Tropical Domain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
3.3.1 710 Tropical Monsoon Division . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
3.3.2 720 High-Salinity Tropical Monsoon Division . . . 22
3.3.3 730 Poleward Trades Division . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
3.3.4 740 Trade Winds Division . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
3.3.5 750 Equatorward Trades Division . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
3.3.6 760 Equatorial Countercurrent Division . . . . . . . . 24
3.4 Shelf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
4 Continental Types and Their Controls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
4.1 The Controls of Macroclimate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
4.1.1 Latitude . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
4.1.2 Continental Position . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
4.1.3 Modified by Elevation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
4.2 Types of Ecoclimatic Zones, or Continental Ecoregions . . . 33
4.2.1 Principles of Ecological Climate Regionalization . . . 33
4.2.2 The Ko¨ppen–Trewartha Classification
of Climates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
4.3 Distribution of the Continental Regions . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
4.4 Relationship to Other Ecoregional Zoning Systems . . . . . 40
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
5 Ecoregions of the Continents: The Polar Ecoregions . . . . . . 47
5.1 100 Polar Domain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
5.2 110 Icecap Division . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
5.3 120 Tundra Division . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
5.4 130 Subarctic Division . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
6 The Humid Temperate Ecoregions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
6.1 200 Humid Temperate Domain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
6.2 210 Warm Continental Division . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
6.3 220 Hot Continental Division . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
6.4 230 Subtropical Division . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
6.5 240 Marine Division . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
6.6 250 Prairie Division . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
6.7 260 Mediterranean Division . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
7 The Dry Ecoregions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
7.1 300 Dry Domain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
7.2 310 Tropical/Subtropical Steppe Division . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
7.3 320 Tropical/Subtropical Desert Division . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
7.4 330 Temperate Steppe Division . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
7.5 340 Temperate Desert Division . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
8 The Humid Tropical Ecoregions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
8.1 400 Humid Tropical Domain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
8.2 410 Savanna Division . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
8.3 420 Rainforest Division . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
9 The Mountain Ecoregions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
9.1 M Mountains with Elevational Zonation . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
10 Ecoregions and Climate Change . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
10.1 Long-Term Climate Change . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
10.2 Use of the Ko¨ppen Climate Classification to Detect
Climate Change . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
10.3 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
11 Continental Patterns and Boundaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
11.1 Pattern Within Zones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
11.2 Disturbance and Succession . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
11.3 Boundaries Between Zones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
12 Applications of Ecoregional Patterns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
12.1 Design for Sustainability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
12.1.1 Understand Ecosystem Pattern in Terms
of Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
12.1.2 Use Pattern to Design Sustainable
Landscapes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
12.2 Significance to Ecosystem Management . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
12.2.1 Local Systems Within Context . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
12.2.2 Spatial Transferability of Models . . . . . . . . . . 114
12.2.3 Links Between Terrestrial and Aquatic
Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
12.2.4 Design of Sampling Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
12.2.5 Transfer Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
12.2.6 Determining Suitable Locations for Seed
Transfer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
12.2.7 Understanding Landscape Fragmentation . . . . 119
12.2.8 Choosing Planting Strategies for Landscaping
and Restoration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
12.2.9 Environmental Risk Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . 119
12.2.10 Learn from Successful Ecological Designs and
Predict Establishment of Invasive Species . . . 120
12.2.11 Maintain and Restore Biodiversity . . . . . . . . . 120
12.2.12 Facilitate Conservation Planning . . . . . . . . . . 120
12.3 Significance to Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
12.3.1 Restructuring Research Programs . . . . . . . . . . 122
12.3.2 Some Research Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
12.3.3 Natural Ecosystem Patterns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
12.3.4 Effects of Climatic Variation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
12.3.5 Relationships Between Vegetation and
Landform . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
13 Use of Fire Regimes at the Ecoregion Scale . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
13.1 Ecosystem Structure and Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
13.2 Range of Variation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
13.3 Different Ecoregions, Different Fire Regimes . . . . . . . . 128
13.3.1 Precolonial Fire Regimes (Vale) . . . . . . . . . . . 128
13.3.2 Fire Regime Types (The Nature Conservancy) . . . 128
13.3.3 Characterizing the US Wildfire Regimes
(Malamud et al.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
13.3.4 Other Studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
13.4 Use of Fire Regime at the Ecoregion Scale . . . . . . . . . . 132
13.5 Why Ecoregions Are Needed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
13.6 Use of Ecosystem Patterns Within Ecoregions . . . . . . . 134
13.7 Future Range of Variation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
14 Summary and Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
Appendix A: Air Masses and Frontal Zones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
Appendix B: Common and Scientific Names . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
Appendix C: Conversion Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
Appendix D: Comparison of Ecoregion and Related
Approaches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
Glossary of Technical Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
Maps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
About the Author . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
· · · · · · (收起)
读后感
用户评价
这本**《Ecoregions》**的封面设计给我留下了极其深刻的印象,那种将自然纹理与现代极简主义完美融合的风格,一下子就抓住了我的眼球。我本以为这会是一本偏学术的地理学专著,翻开内页后才发现,它的内容远比我想象的要丰富和富有层次感。作者似乎有一种魔力,能将那些原本干燥的生态区域划分理论,转化为一场生动的视觉与知识的探险。它不像教科书那样罗列数据,而是通过精选的摄影作品和深入浅出的文字叙述,带领读者亲身“走入”那些被称为“生态区”的特定地理单元。我特别欣赏其中对于“边界模糊性”的探讨,它没有将生态区视为僵硬的板块,而是着重描绘了过渡地带生态系统相互渗透、相互影响的动态过程。这种细腻的观察角度,让我对生物多样性的理解上升到了一个新的高度。读完整本书,我感觉自己仿佛完成了一次横跨各大洲的微缩旅行,那些原本只存在于地图上的色块,此刻在我脑海中都鲜活了起来,每一个区域都有其独特的气味、声音和生命故事。
这本书对我的职业认知产生了微妙而持久的影响,尽管我的工作领域与地理学并无直接关联。它最核心的贡献在于**重塑了我对“地域性”和“尺度”的理解**。在快节奏的现代生活中,我们很容易将环境问题视为全球性的、一刀切的挑战。然而,《Ecoregions》通过清晰的划分和详尽的区域特征分析,有力地证明了**在地性解决方案**的重要性。它让我认识到,面对气候变化或栖息地丧失,不同地区的应对策略必须是高度定制化的,必须尊重当地的生态禀赋和历史限制。书中的结论部分,对未来土地管理和保护策略的展望尤为发人深省,它没有提供简单的答案,而是提出了更复杂、更需要深思熟虑的问题。这本书的价值不在于给出了一份现成的行动指南,而在于培养了读者一种**“生态区域思维”**,一种尊重复杂性、崇尚精细化管理的新视角。
阅读体验方面,这本书的排版和装帧设计简直是艺术品级别的享受。虽然内容密度很高,但得益于**精良的图表设计和信息可视化技术**,阅读起来丝毫没有压迫感。每一页都仿佛经过精心打磨,无论是地图的色阶选取,还是数据图表的简洁性,都体现了出版方对细节的极致追求。我尤其赞赏书中那些定制的、高质量的插图,它们精准地描绘了难以言喻的生态特征,比如特定土壤的剖面结构,或是某种植物的群落优势形态。与一些为了追求信息量而牺牲美感的书籍不同,《Ecoregions》成功地在学术严谨性和视觉愉悦性之间找到了完美的平衡点。可以说,这本书本身就是一本关于“如何有效地传达复杂生态信息”的范本。我把它放在书架上,仅仅是欣赏它的外观和内页设计,就已经是一种视觉上的享受。
我作为一个业余的野生动物观察爱好者,对那些侧重于物种名录的书籍已经感到些许疲劳。《Ecoregions》的独特价值在于它对**功能性生态过程**的聚焦。它不是简单地告诉你“这个区域有什么”,而是解释“这个区域是如何运作的”。书中对于水文循环、土壤形成速率、以及营养物质在不同生态区之间的流动路径的描述,细致得令人惊叹。我特别喜欢作者在讨论热带雨林生态区时,所使用的那种仿佛在描述一个精密机械的语言,每一个组成部分——从高层冠层到菌根网络——都紧密相连,缺一不可。这种系统性的阐述,对于理解生态系统的脆弱性和韧性至关重要。通过这本书,我学会了如何用一种更具动态性和关联性的视角去看待自然界,而不再是孤立地看待某一种动植物。它教会我辨识的不是物种的名称,而是支撑物种生存的“环境逻辑”。
说实话,我拿起这本书最初是抱着一种姑且一试的心态,毕竟现在市面上介绍自然地理的书籍实在太多,大多只是对既有知识的重复阐述,缺乏真正的洞察力。然而,《Ecoregions》彻底颠覆了我的预期。这本书最令人称道之处在于其**跨学科的整合能力**。它不仅仅是生物地理学的梳理,还巧妙地穿插了历史气候变化对区域格局的塑造,以及人类活动是如何在特定生态框架下发展出独特的文化和农业模式。比如,书中对北美大平原生态区的描述,不仅仅是关于草种和大型哺乳动物的介绍,更是对早期定居者如何理解和利用这片广袤土地的深刻反思。这种将自然科学与人文历史编织在一起的手法,使得阅读体验极其充实且具有启发性。我经常在阅读某个章节后,会停下来思考:我们今天所面临的生态挑战,其根源是否深埋在这些历史性的地域结构之中?这本书提供了一个绝佳的思考框架,引导读者从更宏观、更深远的历史维度去审视当前的生态困境。
ecoregion 生态区(Ecoregions cover relatively large areas of land or water, and contain characteristic, geographically distinct assemblages of natural communities and species. The biodiversity of flora, fauna and ecosystems that characterise an ecoregion tends to be distinct from that of other ecoregions.) < bioregion 生物区 < ecozone 世界动物地理分区/生态组合带
ecoregion 生态区(Ecoregions cover relatively large areas of land or water, and contain characteristic, geographically distinct assemblages of natural communities and species. The biodiversity of flora, fauna and ecosystems that characterise an ecoregion tends to be distinct from that of other ecoregions.) < bioregion 生物区 < ecozone 世界动物地理分区/生态组合带
ecoregion 生态区(Ecoregions cover relatively large areas of land or water, and contain characteristic, geographically distinct assemblages of natural communities and species. The biodiversity of flora, fauna and ecosystems that characterise an ecoregion tends to be distinct from that of other ecoregions.) < bioregion 生物区 < ecozone 世界动物地理分区/生态组合带
ecoregion 生态区(Ecoregions cover relatively large areas of land or water, and contain characteristic, geographically distinct assemblages of natural communities and species. The biodiversity of flora, fauna and ecosystems that characterise an ecoregion tends to be distinct from that of other ecoregions.) < bioregion 生物区 < ecozone 世界动物地理分区/生态组合带
ecoregion 生态区(Ecoregions cover relatively large areas of land or water, and contain characteristic, geographically distinct assemblages of natural communities and species. The biodiversity of flora, fauna and ecosystems that characterise an ecoregion tends to be distinct from that of other ecoregions.) < bioregion 生物区 < ecozone 世界动物地理分区/生态组合带