Absent the overriding or moral sensibilities, if not the collapse or collaboration of ethical traditions, the Holocaust could not have happened. Its devastation may have deepened conviction that there is a crucial difference between right and wrong; its destruction may have renewed awareness about the importance of ethical standards and conduct. But Birkenau, the main killing center at Auschwitz, also continues to cast a disturbing shadow over basic beliefs concerning right and wrong, human rights, and the hope that human beings will learn from the past. This book explores those realities and the issues they contain. It does so not todiscourage but to encourage, not to deepen darkness and despair but to facethose realities honestly and in a way that can make post-Holocaust ethicsmore credible and realistic. The book's thesis is that nothing human, natural or divine guarantees respect for the ethical values and commitmentsthat are most needed in contemporary human existence, but nothing is moreimportant than our commitment to defend them, for they remain as fundamentalas they are fragile, as precious as they are endangered.