In Speaking, Willem "Pim" Levelt, Director of the Max-Planck-Institut fur Psycholinguistik, accomplishes the formidable task of covering the entire process of speech production, from constraints on conversational appropriateness to articulation and self-monitoring of speech. Speaking is unique in its balanced coverage of all major aspects of the production of speech, in the completeness of its treatment of the entire speech process, and in its strategy of exemplifying rather than formalizing theoretical issues.

《说话的认知心理过程》(Speaking: From Intention to Articulation)是Willem J.M.Levelt于1989年出版的心理语言学的经典之作。在该书出版之前，心理语言学之外的一些学科初步探讨了一些说话的问题，但这些问题往往局限于引发这些问题的各自的学科(比如话语分析、语用学、人工智能、句法、语音学、音系学等)，并没有系统的研究。Levelt是从心理语言学的角度系统考察说话的复杂过程的第一人，《说话的认知心理过程》一书从此成为有关说话过程研究的里程碑，几乎每一篇探讨说话过程的文章都要引用这本书。在该书简短的前言中，作者认为语言产出这个课题没有得到心理语言学这个研究语言使用过程的学科应有的重视。从Levelt出书至今将近20年过去了，本人认为，人们对语言产出的研究仍然远远落后于对语言理解的研究，并且能够突破Levelt这本书的论著也很少。

正如英文前言所述，该书前两章是综述：探讨作为信息处理器的说话人和作为对话者的说话人的特色，后面各章依照说话时信息处理的过程一步步展开。全书内容非常翔实，条理分明。每章最后一节都是对全章的一个总结；章内各节也一般都在结尾有一个简单的概括。该书是研究言语产出的必读之作，对失语症、外语教学、口译、人工智能、话语分析等有直接的指导作用。由于侧重言语产出的过程，该书能为语用学、语音学、音系学等带来新的视角、新的研究课题。由于内容深入浅出，读者不需要多少语言学的基础就可以读懂；有不同需要的读者也可以选择部分章节阅读，但由于其他各章是在前两章的基础上展开的，因此这两章不可不读，尤其是第一章。由于各章内容翔实，细节周全，读者不一定能够或者需要阅读所有的内容，因此本导读将各章的主要内容作了概括。这些概括多数和原书最后一节的英文概括一致，但为了增加可读性，这里的概括有所增减，对某些重要概念进行了简要的解释(包括举例说明)，并突出文中那些最能说明问题的重要图表。在这个过程中，导读遵循多数文献中使用的学术名词的汉语翻译。比如，导读将information翻译成“信息”，而将message翻译成“语信”(见徐大明、高海洋译著《会话策略》，北京：社会科学文献出版社，2001)；另外，由于production和generation这两个词有不同的含义，而且在这里都频繁出现，为了区别起见，导读将它们分别翻译成“产出”和“生成”，“言语产出”实际上就是“说话”。学术名词汉语翻译主要参考的词典是《语音学和音系学词典》(R.L.Trask，北京：语文出版社，2000)。

【本书目录】

Preface

Acknowledgments

Author's Notes

Chapter 1 The Speaker as Information Processer

1.1 A Case Study

1.2 A Blueprint for the Speaker

1.3 Processing Components as Relatively Autonomous Specialists

1.4 Executive Control and Automaticity

1.5 Units of Processing and Incremental Production

Summary

Chapter 2 The Speaker as Interlocutor

2.1 Interaction

2.2 Deixis

Chapter 3 The Structure of Messages

2.3 Intention

Summary

Chapter 3 The Structure of Messages

3.1 Modes of Knowledge Representation and Preverbal Messages

3.2 Semantic Entities and Relations

3.3 The Thematic Structure of Messages

3.4 Perspective and Information Structure

3.5 Mood, Aspect, and Deixis

3.6 Language-Specific Requirements

Summary

Chapter 4 The Generation of Messages

4.1 From Intention to Message

4.2 Bookkeeping and Some of Its Consequences for Message Construction

4.3 Macroplanning 1: Deciding on Information to Be Expressed

4.4 Macroplanning 2: Ordering Information for Expression

4.5 Microplanning

Summary

Chapter 5 Surface Structure

5.1 Syntactic Aspects

5.2 Prosodic Aspects

Summary

Chapter 6 Lexical Entries and Accessing Lemmas

6.1 The Structure and Organization of Entries in theMental Lexicon

6.2 The Structure of Lemmas

6.3 Theories of Lemma Access

6.4 Failures of/-emma Access

6.5 The Time Course of Lexical Access

Summary

Chapter 7 The Generation of Surface Structure

7.1 The Architecture of Grammatical Encoding

7.2 Units.of Grammatical Encoding

7.3 The Encoding of Topic and Other Nuclear Entities

7.4 Cohesive Encoding

7.5 Feedback in Grammatical Encoding

Summary

Chapter 8 Phonetic Plans for Words and Connected Speech

8.1 Plans for Words

8.2 Plans for Connected Speech

Summary

Chapter 9 Generating Phonetic Plans for Words

9.1 The Tip-of-the-Tongue Phenomenon

9.2 Frames, Slots, Fillers, and Levels of Processing

9.3 Substitutable Sublexical Units

9.4 The Slots-and-Fillers Theory and the Causation of Errors

9.5 Activation-Spreading Theory

9.6 Serial Order in Phonological Encoding

Summary

Chapter 10 Generating Phonetic Plans for Connected Speech

10.1 A Sketch of the Planning Architecture

10.2 The Generation of Rhythm

10.3 The Generation of Intonation

10.4 The Generation of Word Forms in Connected Speech

Summary

Chapter 11 Articulating

11.1 Managing the Articulatory Buffer

11.2 The Vocal Organs and the Origins of Speech Sounds

11.3 Motor Control of Speech

Summary

Chapter 12 Self-Monitoring and Self-Repair

12.1 Self-Monitoring

12.2 Interrupting and the Use of Editing Expressions

12.3 Making the Repair

Summary

Appendix Symbols from the International Phonetic Alphabet,with Examples

Bibliography

Author Index

Subject Index